2021年商务英语课后答案示例

1、商务英语课后答案示例 1. Why do some industries bee global while others re _in local or regional? There are a number of factors that play a role in determining which industries bee global, which bee regional, and which re _in local. The airline industry, for example, is considered a global industry. One of the

2、 _in reasons for this status is the cost of developing and producing large aircraft, bined with _rket size. The industry is “for _d” to be global because it must sell aircraft to a _rketpla _ that is big enough to justify the costs of developing and building new jets. No single country has a _rket b

3、ig enough to justify such costs, thus panies must seek customers around the globe. On the other hand, the bakery industry tends to be regional or local because its products tend to perish very easily. While improvements in transportation and shipping have created a larger _rketpla _, for the most pa

4、rt, firms in this industry cater to local customers. From this brief discussion, it is clear that factors such as cost, _rket size, and product life all play a role in determining which industries will be global and which will not. However, it is important to recognize that _ny other factors (for ex

5、ample, resour _ availability, gover _ent regulations, and similarity of customer taste) also play a role in this determination. 2. What is the impact of the Inter on international business? Which panies and which countries will gain as Inter usage increases throughout the world? Which will lose? The

6、 Inter has had a significant impact on international business in at least three ways. First, the Inter facilitates international trade in servi _s (e.g., banking, education, and retailing). Second, it has helped level the playing field between large and s _ll firms entering a foreign _rket, sin _ ev

7、en s _ll firms can sell their products internationally on the Web. Third, the Inter can _ke business to business transactions (e.g., bringing together suppliers and buyers) much easier and more efficient. 3. Which _rkets are more important to international business the traditional _rkets of North Am

8、erica, the European Union, and Japan or the emerging _rkets? Defend your answer. Clearly the volume of business in the traditional _rkets is much greater than the volume in emerging _rkets. However, as the traditional _rkets bee saturated opportunities for growth will increasingly shift toward emerg

9、ing _rkets. 4. Does your college or university have any international programs? Does this _ke the institution an international organization? Why or why not? Students who attend a college or university that has international programs will probably find this question interesting. Students who do not h

10、ave international programs available to them can still find the question worth considering if they use a little i _gination. The text defines international organizations to include public sector organizations that cross national borders. With this definition in mind, a college or university could ve

11、ry well be considered an international organization. However, it is important to consider the type of international programs an institution has to offer. For example, one could argue that a university that simply offers several courses that deal with international business is not an international or

12、ganization because the institution at that point does not cross borders (see definition above). In contrast, it could be argued that a university that offers courses in international business and also offers a student exchange program is an international organization because the missing element in t

13、he previous example (of crossing borders) is fulfilled because of the exchange program. The key point in this question therefore is to determine exactly when international programs _ke a college or university an international organization. 5. What are some of the differen _s in skills that _y exist

14、between _nagers in a domestic firm and those in an international firm? When pared to domestic _nagers, international _nagers, by definition, are more likely to consider business from a global perspective. In doing so, international _nagers should consider such variables as exchange rates, cultural d

15、ifferen _s, differen _s in the political and economic enviro _ents, trade barriers, and so forth. In contrast, the domestic _nager is not likely to be con _rned with any of these variables and will instead focus on the _rketpla _. The international _nager will probably see the world as the _rketpla

16、_ and in doing so, develop a keen awareness of the differen _s between _rkets, while the domestic _nager will not. 6. Would you want to work for a foreign-owned firm? Why or why not? The answer to this question is, of course, based on a student?s opinion and therefore can generate a lot of Some stud

17、ents _y already work for a foreign-owned firm; some _y work for a foreign-owned firm and not it. Students who work for foreign-owned panies can be asked to contrast their experien _s in the pany with positions they _y have held elsewhere (or can be asked to simply ment on their experien _s if they h

18、ave not held other positions). This can set the stage for a discussion of the merits of working for or not working for foreign-owned panies. 1. Regional trading blocs, such as the EU and NAFTA, are growing in importan _. What are the implications of these trading blocs for international business? Ar

19、e they helpful or harmful? How _y they affect a firms investment decisions? Trading blocs such as the North American Free Trade Agreement and the European Union stand to have a great impact on international business because they change the rules of trade and in some cases, investment, presenting new

20、 opportunities but also new threats to both foreign and domestic panies. Whether they are harmful or helpful is difficult to state in just a paragraph or two, but will depend on the perspective of the particular pany (or individual). For panies inside a trading bloc, such agreements can be seen as h

21、elpful sin _ they can have the effect of keeping no _ember panies out, thus providing a degree of protection to member panies. Moreover, member panies are helped by the increase in effective _rket size that is a result of such an agreement. On the other hand, sin _ trading agreements essentially cre

22、ate one large _rket, member panies _y find that they fa _ increased petition within the bloc. For panies outside a trading bloc, particularly those that have had a strong trading relationship with a member country, trade agreements can be devastating. Companies _y find that they fa _ high tariff and

23、 nontariff barriers that prevent them from exporting to the panies within trade bloc. This situation _y lead firms to invest in a member country and essentially bee an insider. 2. Many American and European business people argue that the keiretsu system in Japan acts as a barrier to foreign panies e

24、ntering the Japanese _rket. Why do you think they believe this? The fact that the Japanese _rket is closed to foreign panies is a popular, and some would argue mistaken, belief among American and European executives. The Japanese keiretsu is a family of interrelated firms in which each firm takes a

25、s _ll ownership position in each of the other panies. The strong ties among keiretsu members _y lead to buyer-supplier relationships (if the keiretsu is a vertical one) and _y allow firms to take on high-risk investments. Many American and European executives believe that such relationships _ke it d

26、ifficult for them to supply their products to Japanese firms, and even break into the _rket itself. Furthermore, they believe that the keiretsu puts European and American firms at a distinct petitive disadvantage when dealing with the Japanese. Others, however, will argue that with patien _ and hard

27、 work, panies (for example, Toys “R” Us) can enjoy suess in the Japanese _rket. 3. Ethnic ties, old colonial allian _s, and shared languages appear to affect international trade. Why might this be so? If true, how does this affect international businesses strategies regarding which _rkets to enter?

28、Ethnic ties, old colonial allian _s, and shared languages affect international trade because they _y provide the basis from which a nation emerged. For example, although the United States, a former colony of Great Britain, declared its independen _ _nturies ago, it still shares with its former ruler

29、 the same language, cultural heritage, and _ny beliefs about issues such as democratic rule. These ties with Britain have helped to shape the United States into the country it is today. For American panies, this relationship is beneficial because not only do American panies have easy aess to the Bri

30、tish _rket (and British firms to the American _rket), but they _y also find it easier to enter other _rkets where, for example, English is the spoken language. In addition, if the countries in question have _intained strong ties, it is likely that they will share enemy countries, a factor that could

31、 further impact the strategy of an international firm. 4. What can African countries do to encourage more foreign investment in their economies? A: The nations of Africa are in a difficult situation. Years of political unrest and civil war have labeled the region as a high risk one. If Africa expect

32、s foreign firms to invest in the region, it must try to lose the label. The pro _ss has already been started with the implementation of new _rket-oriented policies, and the region is beginning to attract the attention of international firms. To continue the pro _ss, Africa can develop more tax-free

33、zones such as the one located in Mauritius, and provide other in _ntives to attract foreign panies.In addition, efforts must be _de to contain any re _ining civil unrest, particularly attacks against foreigners. 1. What options do firms have when caught in conflicts between home country and host cou

34、ntry laws? Firms caught between home and host country laws fa _ a difficult situation. If they ply with home country laws, they _y find that their activities in the host country are severely limited. Yet, if firms ply with host country regulations they _y find themselves under fire in the home count

35、ry. Depending on the particular situation, firms _y find that the best option is to simply choose another location for business. However, in cases where the stakes are high, negotiation with the appropriate _ (home or host country gover _ent) _y be the best option. 2. What is the impact of vigorous

36、enfor _ment of in _ectual property rights on the world economy? Who gains and who loses from strict enfor _ment of these laws? The protection of international property rights is the subject of ongoing debate between countries and firms. Firms with patents, copyrights, trade _rks, and/or brand names

37、favor strict enfor _ment of in _ectual property rights on a global basis. If such protection is granted, “copycat” firms stand to lose. One might argue that consumers also stand to lose if in _ectual property rights are strictly enfor _d because they will probably pay higher pri _s. However, some _y

38、 say that the “copycat” products are inferior to the “real” products. Finally, sin _ most innovation originates in developed countries, and _ny of the current “copycat” firms are residents of developing countries, one might argue that if in _ectual property rights are strictly enfor _d, developing c

39、ountries will be hurt by a loss in export sales. It should be noted that it will be difficult to enfor _ in _ectual property rights until the controversy over “first to invent” and “first to file” is ended. 3. Do you agree with the U.S. gover _ents policies restricting the export of dual-use goods?

40、Why or why not? (You _y wish to check out the Bureau of Export Administrations Web site, which details how the bureau operates.) The U.S. gover _ent restricts the export of dual use goods on the grounds that they _y be used for military applications which could threaten the safety of the U.S. and it

41、s allies. However, the decision is not a popular one with some industries. By forbidding U.S. firms to export aircraft construction equipment that could be used militarily, American firms lose sales that are filled by European firms. The third country gets the goods anyway, and American firms are cu

42、t out of the opportunity to profit from the transaction. In the end, whether the U.S. restricts the export of the goods or not _y _ke little differen _, sin _ those who want the technology will simply purchase it elsewhere. Aordingly, some students _y feel that the U.S. policy is nothing more than a

43、 burden to U.S. firms that will lose sales to foreign panies. 4. Map 3.2 presents the relative political riskiness of countries in xx. For which countries has political risk changed significantly sin _ then? Most students will probably focus on the Middle Eastern countries and those of the former Ea

44、stern Bloc and China when answering this question. Certainly, it could be argued that tension has intensified in parts of the Middle East, particularly Iraq, Afghanistan, and Iran. On the other hand, one might argue that much of the former Eastern Bloc has bee less risky, and that as China has opene

45、d its doors to international trade, it, too, could be considered to be more stable. 1. How can international businesspeople avoid relying on the self-referen _ criterion when dealing with people from other cultures? Relian _ on the self-referen _ criterion refers to the unconscious use of ones own c

46、ulture to help assess new surroundings. International businesspeople who rely on their self-referen _ criterion when dealing with people from other cultures run the risk of creating ill will. It is important for an individual doing business in another country to remember that he/she is the foreigner

47、 and must adapt to the culture of the other country. One should attempt to achieve cross-cultural literacy and bee familiar with the other culture either directly through personal experien _ or indirectly via training programs and publications. Teaching Note: This con _pt can be illustrated directly

48、 if there are foreign students in a class. Instructors can ask foreign students in their classes about any cross-cultural preparation they re _ived prior to moving to this country, and on the basis of that response, raise the question of what would have _de the adjustment pro _ss easier. 2. U.S. law

49、 protects women from job discrimination, but _ny countries do not offer women such protection. Suppose several important job opportunities arise at overseas factories owned by your firm. These factories, however, are located in countries that severely restrict the working rights of women. You fear t

50、hat fe _le _nagers will be ineffective there. Should you adopt gender-blind selection policies for these positions? Does it _ke a differen _ if you have good reason to fear for the physical safety of your fe _le _nagers? Does it _ke a differen _ if the restrictions are cultural rather than legal in

51、nature? This is a difficult question to answer and instructors _y wish to simply raise the issue rather than suggest a correct or incorrect response. From a U.S. _nagers perspective, the correct response would be to take a gender-blind approach to the selection pro _ss for these positions; however,

52、from an international business perspective it is important to recall the saying “when in Rome, do as the Ro _ns do.” The U.S. _nagers task _y be _de easier if the restrictions are legal rather than cultural because the _nager would have a tangible reason for not using a gender-blind selection pro _s

53、s. While some students will probably argue that fe _les should not be selected if they could be at risk physically, others will probably point out that women can be taught to protect themselves. This latter con _pt is reminis _nt of the question of whether women in the U.S. Armed For _s should be pe

54、rmitted to engage in bat. 3. Under what circumstan _s should international businesspeople impose the values of their culture on foreigners with whom they do business? Does it _ke a differen _ if the activity is conducted in the home or host country? Aeptable behavior in one country _y not be aeptabl

55、e in another. International businesspeople must be cautious about relying on their self-referen _ criterion when doing business with foreigners and adapt their perspectives as much as possible to fit with the foreign culture. In some cases, however, legal restrictions can for _ international busines

56、speople to impose the ethics of their culture on foreigners. For example, the Foreign Corrupt Practi _s Act (discussed in Chapter Eight) prohibits U.S. panies from using bribes when dealing with foreigners. Thus, the ethics of the U.S. culture is imposed on foreigners. In general, though, if business is conducted in the host country, the rules of the host country should be followed, while if business is conducted in the home country, home country rules should be followed. 4. How would you evaluate yourself on each of Hofstedes dimensions? Students will proba