The First World War US history 美国历史附带书后问题答案PPT精选文档

1、1,World War I Begins,Main Idea As World War I intensified, the U.S. was forced to abandon its neutrality Why it Matters Now The U.S. remains involved in European and world affairs,2,An Assassination Leads to War,The powder keg of Europe”-Balkan Peninsula Key Issues: Russia wanted access to the Medit

2、erranean Sea Germany wanted a rail link to the Ottoman Empire Austria-Hungary accused Serbia of subverting its rule over Bosnia,3,An Assassination Leads to War,June 1914-Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne is assassinated Gavrilo Princip- member of the Black Hand; promoted Serbian

3、nationalism. The alliance system pulled one nation after another into conflict. August 3, 1914- The Great War began,4,The Fighting Starts,August 3, 1914- Germany invaded Belgium (Schlieffen Plan) Plan called for a holding action against Russia, combined w/a quick drive through Belgium to Paris. Once

4、 France had fallen, German armies would defeat Russia,5,Fighting Starts,Allies couldnt save Belgium and retreated to the Marne River in France. Trench Warfare: 3 Main kinds of trenches Front line Support Reserve “No mans land”- space between the barbed wire. Horrific Battles Battle of Somme(July 1,

5、1916)- 60,000 British casualties on the 1st day alone. 1.2 million in the end,6,Americans Question Neutrality,1914- Americans saw no reason to join a struggle 3,000 miles away. Divided Loyalty Many Americans were from somewhere in Europe Some Americans felt closer to Great Britain because of ancestr

6、y. Germany- “the bully of Europe,7,Economic Ties with Allies,American trade with Britain nor shall any substitute be received, enlisted, or enrolled in the military service of the United States; and no such person shall be permitted to escape such service or to be discharged therefrom prior to the e

7、xpiration of his term of service by the payment of money or any other valuable thing whatsoever as consideration his release from military service or liability there to,15,America Turns the Tide,U-boat attacks on merchant ships were a serious threat to the Allies. American Vice Admiral William S. Si

8、ms- convinced the British to try the convoy system. A heavy guard of destroyers would escort merchant ships across the Atlantic. U.S. helped lay a 230 mile barrier of mines across the North Sea from Scotland to Norway,16,America Turns the Tide,Fighting in Europe Allies were demoralized Americans bro

9、ught freshness and enthusiasm,17,Fighting “Over There,American Expeditionary Force (AEF) Gen. John J. Pershing “Doughboys”- American infantry men,18,The War Introduces New Hazards,The new weapons and tactics of WW I led to horrific injuries and hazards,19,Meuse-Argonne Offensive,The Meuse-Argonne Of

10、fensive, also called the Battle of the Argonne Forest, was a part of the final Allied offensive of World War I (and known as the Grand Offensive) that stretched along the entire western front. On September 26, the Americans - the first to move - began their strike towards Sedan in the south. U.S. sm

11、ashes the German will to continue a hopeless fight. The main US effort of the offensive took place in the Verdun Sector, immediately north and northwest of the town of Verdun, between September 26 - November 11, 1918. The big September/October Allied breakthroughs (north, centre and south) across th

12、e length of the Hindenburg Line - including the Battle of the Argonne Forest - are now lumped together as part of what is generally remembered as the huge Hundred Days Offensive by the Allies,20,American Troops Go on the Offensive,Russian pulls out in 1917, Germany shifted their armies to the wester

13、n front. Americans arrived just in time as the German army was just 50 miles from Paris,21,Total Cost of WWI,Casualties and losses Military dead:5,525,000Military wounded: 12,831,500Military missing: 4,121,0001.further details.Military dead:4,386,000Military wounded: 8,388,000Military missing: 3,629

14、,000,22,Total Losses by Country,Britain : 750,000 soldiers killed; 1,500,000 woundedFrance : 1,400,000 soldiers killed; 2,500,000 woundedBelgium : 50,000 soldiers killedItaly : 600,000 soldiers killedRussia : 1,700,000 soldiers killedAmerica : 116,000 soldiers killed Germany : 2,000,000 soldiers kil

15、ledAustria-Hungary : 1,200,000 soldiers killedOttoman Empire : 325,000 soldiers killedBulgaria : 100,000 soldiers killed,23,American Power Tips the BalanceReview,How did the U.S. mobilize a strong military during WWI? The Selective Service Act allowed the government to randomly select up to 3 millio

16、n men for military service. What new weapons made fighting in WWI deadlier than fighting previous wars? Machine guns, poison gas, airplanes, tanks,24,The War at Home,Main Idea WWI spurred social, political, and economic change in the U.S. Why it Matters Now Such changes increased government powers a

17、nd expanded economic opportunities,25,Congress Give Power to Wilson,The entire economy had to be refocused on the war effort. Congress gave President Wilson direct control over much of the economy, including the power to fix prices and to regulate war related industries,26,Congress Gives Power to Wi

18、lson,The main regulatory body was the War Industries Board. It was established in 1917 and reorganized in 1918 under the leadership of Bernard M. Baruch. WIB encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency. Production in the U.S. increased by 20%. People saved to contri

19、bute to the war. “Gasless Sundays”,”Lightless Nights” Daylight saving time,27,War Economy,Wages increased during the war. Union membership climbed during the war. National Labor Board-1918 “Work or Fight” Food Administration Conserve food “Gospel of the clean plate” “Victory Gardens,28,Selling the W

20、ar,Two major task government faced when they extended the economy: Raising Money Convincing public support for the war,29,Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase,Wilson had fears of hysteria,30,The War Encourages Social Change,African American lives were transformed,31,The Influenza Pandemic of 1918,The

21、 influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the pandemic It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. More people d

22、ied of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351. Known as Spanish Flu or La Grippe the influenza of 1918-1919 was a global disaster,32,The War at HomeReview,What methods did the U.S. government use to sell the war to the nation? They advertise

23、d and sold war bonds; the CPI used propaganda. What events during the war undermined civil liberties? Propaganda led to hatred and violations of civil liberties. The Espionage and Sedition Acts also violated civil liberties,33,Wilson Fights for Peace,Main Idea European leaders opposed most of Wilson

24、s peace plan, and the U.S. Senate failed to ratify the peace treaty. Why it Matters Today Many of the nationalist issues left unresolved after WWI continue to trouble the world today,34,Wilson Presents His Plan,Wilson travels to Europe (Versailles) to work out details of lasting peace. Wilson is tre

25、ated like a hero in Europe,35,Fourteen Points,January 18, 1918 Wilson delivers his plan for peace to Congress. Point were divided into three groups: 1st five dealt with the prevention of another war. Next 8 dealt with boundary changes. 14th point called for the creation of an international organizat

26、ion. League of Nations,36,37,Rejection of Wilsons Plan,38,Debating the Treaty of Versailles,On June 28, 1919, the Big Four and leaders of defeated nations gathered at the Palace of Versailles to sign the peace treaty,39,Wilson Refuses to Compromise,Despite his health, Wilson set out in September 1919 on