2019中考英语总练习阅读理解应试指导VIP

1、2019 中考英语总练习阅读理解应试指导注意事项：认真阅读理解，结合历年的真题，总结经验，查找不足！重在审题，多思考，多理解！【一】中考要求：阅读理解中考要求是：1. 考查学生理解短文的主旨和主题要义能力；2. 理解短文具体信息包括图文转换的信息的能力；3. 根据短文上下情景猜测单词的能力；4. 根据短文的内容判断和推理能力；5. 理解作者的意图和态度的能力。纵观全国各地中考试卷，中考阅读理解考试题的比例在整个试卷占了比较大的比例，阅读理解的成绩直接决定学生能否在中考中取得优秀成绩。中考阅读短文的题材除了选一些通俗易懂的文学作品和故事体裁的小短文，还经常选用一些富有时代鲜明特征、实用性比较强的

2、语言材料。例如：报刊杂志的文章、使用说明书、招贴告示、广告和各种各类图表。选择这些材料不仅能够提高测试的真实性，还能展示目标语言在现实生活中的真实运用来激发学生学习英语的兴趣。【二】知识要点A. 阅读理解的题型：近几年中考试卷的阅读理解测试题主要有选择型测试题、 判断正误型测试题和任务型测试题三种形式。根据阅读理解的题干部分可以分为以下几种测试题型：1.理解主旨大意题：考查学生对于文章的中心思想或全文梗概的领会、理解和概括能力。我们可以通过 “略读 skimming ”来获取文章或者段落的主题和主旨大意。在略读时要注意寻找主题句topicsentence 以帮助理解文章的主题和了解文章的大意。

3、有一些同学可能认为没有仔细阅读文章的细节而感觉不太放心，其实没有必要担心，因为我们了解的文章的大意以后，然后对文章做仔细阅读，比较难的短文理解起来就容易多了。略读时应该注意：主题句一般是短文第一个句子或者最后一个句子，偶尔位于段落的中间；每一段的主题句一般也是在每段的第【一】二个句子或者最后一个句子。其次作者提供其写作意图，如：提供信息、描述人物、事物或者事件、讨论问题、说服某人、提出建议或者对两种观点或者事件进行比较。而其他的句子是对主题句的进一步发展及说明性的例子，有时是为主题句提供时间、地点或者原因等背景。主旨大意题常见的设问方式1) What s the main idea of th

4、is passage?2) What does the passage mainly tell us?3) The writer means to tell us that _.4) The main idea / point of the passage is that _.5) The passage is mainly about _.6) From the passage, we can learn/ conclude _.7) What can we know from the whole passage?8) The last paragraph is chiefly concer

5、ned with _.9) What s the best title for the passage?10) The best title for this story can be _.实例说明：October 16 is World Food Day. This day is also the anniversary (纪念日 ) of theUnited NationsFood and AgricultureOrganization(FAO) ( 联合国粮农组织 ).More than100countriesareholdingspecial events.Allof theseaim

6、stocelebrate theestablishment of the FAO in 1945. The theme chosen for this year s World Food Dayis“ Water: Source(资源 ) of Food Security” .A UN report says that over 6 million people have died from hunger and relateddiseases so farthisyear alone. More than850 millionpeople,or aboutone inseven,around

7、 theworlddo not getenough food, and theneed for food will increaseas theworld s populationgrows.The UN also reportsthatby year 2030,theworldmay need60% more food. Most of that increase will have to come from agriculture supportedby water irrigation( 灌溉 ).However,freshwaterisalreadyin shortsupplyin m

8、anycountries.Jacques Diouf, the director of the FAO, says that there are 20 countries thatdo not have enough water to produce enough foodfor their populations. Ten nationsuse more than 40% of their total fresh water for agriculture. He fears that theproblem willonlybecome worse as theneed forwaterby

9、 peopleand by industrygrows.So water is one of the most important things in the world today.( ) 65. The passage is mainly about _.A. how to celebrate World Food DayB. the increase of food in manycountriesC. the importance of water for foodD. the UN Food and AgricultureOrganization解析答案是 C。此题是考查短文主题理解

10、能力。从短文的第一段的最后一个句子可以判断短文的主题句是：Water: Source(资源 ) of Food Security，而第一段开头是引出主题句，其它两段是说明主题句。所以此题“本短文主要是讨论水对于食物的重要性”。2.具体信息理解题考查对事实或者细节的理解和辨别，即考查短文中直接或间接提到的具体信息的细节及线索。 对于这种阅读理解题，需要仔细比较所给的四个选项，找出语言表达差别的关键词来重点思考。做这种考试题我们一般用“扫读Scanning ”来从短文中寻找答案。扫读是有目的地在短文中为寻找某一个具体的信息或者细节而进行的搜索性阅读。特别是寻找人名、 地名、时间或者某一个关键词。找

11、到这个关键词时我们要进行局部地细心地阅读，以保证我们所寻找的答案在此处。为了保证扫读的有效性，我们在扫读之前必须认真审题，因为审题的过程就是我们明确阅读目的的过程。一般来说， 这种阅读理解测试题的答案是比较好寻找的。也是同学们阅读理解测试中得分比较高的题目。只要同学们仔细阅读，认真比较， 把握各准确的事实信息，从短文发现与其密切相关的信息，按照题干对号入座是很容易寻找准确的答案的。实例说明：Nick is twenty-three and works in a middle school. Two and a half years ago hewas ill in hospital and t

12、here he knew a beautiful nurse named Rita. The girl tookgood care of him and he made friendswith her.They lovedeach other.About sixmonthslater they married.Nick likesreading.Whenhe comes home, he always readssome newspaper or books.Rita begins to cook in the kitchen. And when the meat is roasted (烤

13、), she alwaystells her husband to cut it in two. Then they begin to have supper together. Aftersupper theygo outfora walk,or theygo tothe cinema.And theyenjoythemselves.One day Nick planted trees with his students. They climbed up a mountain andworked hard. When he got home, he felt hungry. His wife

14、 roasted a piece of chicken that evening and told him to cut it. This time he chose a bigger piece of chicken for himself and gave her the smaller one.“ I remember, dear, ” Ritasaidwitha smile.“ Whenwe married,you always gaveme the bigger part. Why do you give me the smaller one now?”Nick felt shy a

15、nd didnt know what to say. He thought for a while and said,“You cook better now than before.”1. What does Nick do? He is _.A. a teacherB. a nurseC. a doctorD. a player2. What did Nick choose for himself this? He chose_.A. the bigger part of the roast beef B. the smaller part of the roast chicken C.

16、the bigger part of the roast chicken D. the smaller part of the roast beef解析1. A 。此题是考查学生对短文的细节理解能力。通过比较四个选项可以理解是涉及到Nick 的职业。 带着这个信息从短文寻找，从短文的第一个句子“Nick is twenty-threeandworks in a middle school.”可以找到他的职业是教师，所以选择A。2. C。此题是考查学生对细节理解能力和具体信息判断能力。比较所给的选项我们选择的关键信息是 bigger 还是 smaller ，是 beef 还是 chicken 。

17、从短文的第三段最后一个句子This time he chose a bigger piece of chicken for himself and gave her the smaller one. 可以寻找到答案。3.根据上下文猜测单词题：这种阅读理解测试题是对短文中某一个句子中的某一个超纲的单词或者短语画线，让考生猜测其汉语意思或者英语解释意义。短文中出现的超纲词或者短语要求学生在读懂短文的内容，理解短文的大概意思的基础上并且根据短文上下文的意思和情景进行猜测和推断。一般来说这些词汇是比较难或者是同学们没有学过的。如果同学们的词汇量比较大，那么解决这种阅读理解测试题就有很大的优势。但是如果

18、能够理解短文的内容和意思，通过上下句子和情景进行合理的猜测，其正确率还是比较高的。猜测单词的一些方法：1. 首先要保持冷静，迅速判断。如果是对上下文理解影响不大的词，就不要停留，继续读下去。如果是影响理解的词，尤其是划线的词，就要运用猜测单词的技巧来猜测单词的意思。2. 如果是 but 连接前后两个句子，那么其意思是表示转折，后面句子的画线单词表示的意思可能和前面的句子的意思是相反的。3. 如果是 and 连接前后两个句子，那么后面句子的画线单词的意思可能和前面句子的意思一致。4. 画线的单词我们可能不认识， 但这个句子的某一部分的单词或者短语是我们认识的。这时，我们可以根据所认识的部分去猜测

19、不认识的单词意思，就像在做填空题一样，看看这个空应该填入什么一般下面有选项可选。5. 注意下文，有时后面的句子或在下文中可能解释这个单词的意义。6. 有时即使我们猜测不出来单词的具体意思也不要紧，我们只需要了解这个单词是表示积极的还是消极的意思。通过辨认这个单词的位置和目的来确定它是动词、形容词还是副词，然后从选项中选择。实例说明：Once there was a baby eagle living in a nest on a cliff (山崖 ).The baby eagleloved his nest. It was warm, soft and comfortable. And ev

20、en better, he had all thefood and love that his mother could give. Whenever the baby eagle was hungry, hismother would always come just in time with the delicious food he liked.He was growinghappilyday afterday.But suddenlyhisworld changed. His motherstopped coming to the nest. He was full of sadnes

21、s and fear. He thought he woulddie soon. He cried, but nobody heard him.Two days laterhismother appeared withsome nicefood,The baby eagle was wildwith joy. But his mother put the food at the top of the mountain and then lookeddown at her baby. The baby eagle cried out.“Mum, why did you do this to me

22、? Im hungry. Don t you know I will die if I have nothing to eat?”“ Here is the last meal I give you. Come and get it by yourself,” his mothersaid. Then she flew down and pushed the baby eagle out of the nest.The baby eagle fell down, faster and faster. He looked up at his mum,“ Why doyou abandon me?

23、” He looked down at the earth. The ground was much closer. Thensomething strange happened. The air caught behind his arms and he began to fly! Hewasn t moving to the ground any more. Instead,hiseyes were pointedup at the sun.“ You are flying! You can make it!” His mother smiled.1. What does the word

24、“ abandon” in the fifth paragraph mean?A. 抛弃B. 保护C. 歧视D. 拯救解析答案是 A。此题是考查单词猜测能力。从短文的上下文的意思，特别是上一段短文的内容和此题句子的意思猜测这个单词的意思是“抛弃”。4. 简单的判断推理题：考查学生根据短文的内容进行简单的判断或推理的能力。 中考阅读理解不仅要读懂一个个的句子，而且要理解这些句子之间的内在联系。如果上下文之间存在未充分表达的内容，学生就应该充分激活头脑中的知识和经验， 根据字面意思和句子的意思， 通过语篇逻辑关系来研究细节的暗示、推敲作者的态度、理解文章的寓意。这就是我们平时所说的深层理解。深层理

25、解是一种创造性的思维活动。它必须忠于原文，要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足的知识来推断未知的知识， 不能凭空想象、 随意推测； 它要求考生对文章的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，才能有推理的前提和基 。判断推理 常 的 方式：1) It can be inferred/concluded that .2) Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage?3) In which of the following publication would

26、this passage most likely be printed?4)The passage implies, but doesn t directly state that .5)The writer suggests that .6)What s the author s attitude toward ?7)The writer probably feels that .8)The author uses the examples of . to show that .9)From the passage, we can see .10) According to the pass

27、age, we can infer _. 例 明：Take a class at Dulangkou School, and you ll see lots of things different from other schools. You can see the desks are not in rows and students sit in groups.They put their desks together so they re facing each other. How can they see theblackboard? There are three blackboa

28、rds on the three walls of the classroom!The school calls the new way of learning“ Tuantuanzuo ”, meaning sitting ingroups. Wei Liying, a Junior 3 teacher, said it was to give students more chance to communicate.Each group has fiveor six students,according to Wei, and they play differentroles (角色 ).

29、There is a team leader who takes care of the whole group. There isa “ studyleader ” who makes sure thateveryonefinishestheirhomework. And thereis a discipline ( 律 ) leader who makes sure that nobody chats in class.WangLin isa team leader.The 15-year-oldsaidthathavingto dealwithso manythings was tiri

30、ng.“ I justlookedaftermy own businessbefore,” saidWang. “But now I have tothink about my five group members.”But Wang has got used to it and can see the benefits (好 ) now.“ I used to speak too little. But being a team leader means you have to talka lot. You could even call me an excellent speaker to

31、day.”Zhang Qi, 16, was weak in English. She used to get about 70 in English tests.But in a recent test, Zhang got a grade of more than 80.“ I rarely 很少 asked others when I had problems with my English. But now Ican ask the team leader or study leader. They are really helpful.”53. We can tell from th

32、e story that some students _ this new way oflearning.A. get benefitsfromB. are tiredofC. cannot get used toD.hate【解析】：A。写作意 推断 。从短文的作者写作意 可以判断作者是告 人 杜朗口中学的学生从 种新的教学方法中得到益 。所以 A。B. 阅读理解的解题技巧：I.事实细节题的理解方法和技巧：1. 详读细节， 理顺思路与文章脉络。文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；论述题那么包

33、含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。你可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用“画图列表法”，勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。2. 抓住文章的脉络和每一段中心，后面都是围绕这个中心展开分析，如为什么会出现这种现象。把握了文章的脉络后，相对来说定位就比较方便，解答细节题和主旨题就很方便了。3. 学会瞻前顾后和左顾右盼方法来理解细节题目，也就是从短文的上下联系来找到解决问题的关键细节。4. 注意引出细节的信息词，如： for example, an example of, the most important exampl

34、e, first, second, next, then, last, finally, to begin with, also, besides等。II. 推理判断题的方法和技巧：阅读理解题中难度最大且出现频率很高的是推理判断题，近几年的中考每年都保持在2、 3 题左右。这种题要求考生根据文章中出现的暗示，抓住内含语义，用逻辑思维的方法加以整理，然后做出合理的判断。推理的方法大致可分为：简单推理和复杂推理。1、简单推理所谓简单推理就是以表面文字为前提，以具体事实为依据进行推理，做出判断。 这种推理方式比较直接，只要弄清事实，即可结合常识推断出合理的结论。2、复杂推理复杂推理不但要以文字为依据

35、，而且还要以文章的语境、内涵为前提。 这是一种间接而复杂的逻辑推理方式。 考生要推断出文章没有说明但又合乎逻辑的推理， 就必须由表及里地归纳或演绎。下面是几种复杂的推理方法： 1推测作者的写作目的和意图，此类的设题形式有：The purpose in writing this text is to .The author writes this passage to .The author in this passage intends to .推测作者的写作目的 , 必须要先了解文章的主题 , 然后分析作者的论述方法、 论述的重点和材料的安排。 2推测文章的观点或结论，此类设题形式有:It

36、can be inferred from the passage that .What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?From the passage we can conclude that .这类问题问的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部观点，可能只是文章中的某一观点。但要推测出文中的某一观点，仍离不开对全文主要观点或中心思想的把握。 3推断文章的出处，设题形式有:The passage is most likely to be taken from .Where would this passage most probably appe

37、ar?The passage is most likely a part of .这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处：报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称；广告：因其格式和语言特殊，容易辨认； 品 明： 器皿、 的使用 明会有 品名称或操作方式，而 品的服用 明会告知服用 、次数、 量等。 4推断短文中人物性格， 形式有:What do we know about somebody in the text?What kind of man somebody is?Somebody can be said to be .做 一定要注意：准确把握字里行 的意思，切忌用自己的 点代替作者的

38、点；特 注意表达情感、 度和 点的 。 5借助文章 构 行推 有些推断 要从文章 构的角度 行分析， 才能推断出正确答案。 因此， 不 要注重 、句的理解，而且 要分析 篇的 构。III. 猜 的方法和技巧：1. 根据上下文猜 意，例如：After giving a talk at a high school, I was asked to pay a visit to a specialstudent. An illness had kept the boy homeDuring the nine-mile drive to his home, I found out something a

39、bout Matthew.He had musculardystrophy(肌 养不良 ).Whenhe was born,the doctortoldhisparentsthathe would not liveto five,and then theywere toldhe would not make itto ten.Now he was thirteen.Last summer I receiveda letterfrom Matthew s parentstellingme thatMatthewhad passed away Dear Rick,My mom said I sho

40、uld send you a thank-you letter for the picture you sent me. I also want to let you know that the doctors tell me that I dont have long to live any more. 上面短文中 passed away 的含 ，可以根据上文的“ Whenhe was born, the doctor told his parents that he would not live to five, and then they were told he would notma

41、ke it to ten.”和下文Matthew 的信中猜 出来，意 “去世”。2. 根据构 法猜 意。在 文章 ， 我 会遇上一些新 ，有 很 根据上下文来推断其 意，而它 文章的理解又有着 足 重的作用，此 ， 如掌握了一些常用的 根、前 、后 等 法知 ， 些 便不 解决了。例如：前 un- 表反 ，如happy 、unhappy，fair、 unfair， important、 unimportant等。后 - ment 表名 ，如develop 、 development ，state 、statement ，argue 、argument等。后 -er 、 -or 或 -ist表同

42、源名 ，如calculate/calculator;visit/visitor;law/lawyer; wait/waiter; science/ scientist; art/ artist等。3. 通 因果关系猜 。首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后猜词。有时文章借助关联词( 如because ， as， since ， for ，so， thus ， as a result ， of course ， therefore 等等 ) 表示前因后果。例如：You shouldn t have blamed him for that， for it wasn t his fault.通

43、过 for引出的句子所表示的原因( 那不是他的错) ，可猜出blame 的词义是“责备” 。4. 通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词。通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and 或 or 连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay 这个词， 也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has known somethingaboutthe planetsVenus， Mars， and Jupiterwiththe help of spaceships.此句中的Venus ( 金星 ) 、Mars ( 火星 ) 、 Jupiter (木星 ) 均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于“行星”这一义域。通过反义词猜词，一是看表示转折关系的连词或副词，如but ，while ，however 等；二是看与not 搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely， not at all as handsome as his brother.根据 not at all.handsome我们不难推测出homely 的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。5. 通过定义或释义关系来推测词义。例如：