张俊芳导学课单页讲义(含课内笔记)

1、马克思主义哲学典型考点精述1、什么是哲学。所有哲学的共同点 (1) 哲学是理论化、系统化的世界观。理论性质 哲学和世界观的关系哲学是以自觉地理论形态表达对世界的根本看法和观点 (2) 哲学是关于自然知识、社会知识和思维知识的概括和总结。研究对象 哲学和具体科学的关系例：哲学和各门具体科学的关系表现在：abcda共性和个性b一般和个别c普遍和特殊d抽象和具体e整体和部分 (3) 哲学既是世界观又是方法论，是世界观和方法论的统一。功能和作用 世界观和方法论的关系世界观和方法论是一致的（统一的） (4) 哲学属于上层建筑的意识形态，在阶级社会具有阶级性。2、一元论和二元论的对立世界的统一性。 凡是认

2、为世界具有统一性一对儿：一元论（唯心主义一元论+唯物主义一元论【旧唯物主义一元论+辩证唯物主义一元论】）+二元论，世界有一个本原的哲学就是一元论。一元论包括：唯心主义一元论、唯物主义一元论(辩证唯物主义一元论和旧唯物主义一元论)。只有辩证唯物主义一元论才是彻底的、科学的一元论。 二元论的特征是：否认世界的统一性，认为世界有物质和精神两个独立的本原。二元论企图调和唯物主义和唯心主义的根本对立，而实际是动摇于唯物主义和唯心主义之间，最终往往倒向唯心主义。【辩证唯物主义一元论是彻底的一元论，二元论不等于唯心论】3、唯物主义和唯心主义的对立。 (1) 唯物主义经历了古代朴素唯物主义、近代形而上学唯物主

3、义、辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义三种形态。 古代朴素唯物主义的基本特征是，把一种或几种具体的物质形态、“原初的物质”作为世界的本原，如水、火、气等。古代朴素唯物主义具有非科学性、直观性、猜测性的局限性。 近代形而上学唯物主义的基本特征是，把基本粒子的构成、物质结构、物质结构的某种属性即原子作为世界的本原。近代形而上学唯物主义在解释物质本原问题上具有了科学性和抽象性的特点。近代形而上学唯物主义的主要缺陷是：机械性、形而上学性、不彻底性（历史观是唯心的）。 辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义是科学的彻底的唯物主义。 (2)唯心主义有两种基本形式：主观唯心主义和客观唯心主义。主观唯心主义把人的主观精神看成是世

4、界的本原；客观唯心主义把“客观”精神当成是世界的本原。二者的区别在于对“精神”的不同规定，但它们的实质都是一样的，都是把精神作为世界的本原。4、辩证法和形而上学的对立。 唯物辩证法与形而上学是两种根本对立的发展观。二者的对立表现在四个方面： （1）普遍联系观点和孤立观点的对立。唯物辩证法主张普遍联系的观点，形而上学则认为一切事物和现象都是彼此孤立、互不联系的，或只承认事物的外部联系而否认其内部联系。 （2）发展观点和静止观点的对立。唯物辩证法认为一切事物都是发展变化的，而形而上学否认事物的发展变化，至多只承认事物的量变。 （3）全面观点和片面观点的对立。唯物辩证法主张用全面的观点去研究、观察和

5、解决问题，而形而上学则片面地去观察、研究问题。（4）是否承认事物的内部矛盾是辩证法和形而上学的根本对立和区别。winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.b

6、oth sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight

7、.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league an

8、d rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations

9、150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa ha

10、sopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures compl

11、aint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very

12、 calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 k

13、ilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( th

14、en, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has

15、 repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort

16、 of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.it is as though their entire tournament has been

17、preparation for the final.in johnathan thurston, cooper cronk, cameron smith and either billy slater or greg inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. they have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into saturday.the kiwis are a lot less exper

18、ienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against england will do wonders for their confidence.they defeated australia in the four nations final in 2010 and the last world cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 se

19、mi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effo

20、rt in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracte

21、d the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across t

22、he line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the

23、match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini,

24、 president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointin

25、g news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule att

26、ached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and int

27、o the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 w

28、hen they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have