跨文化交际chapter8课件

1、跨文化交际chapter8,1,大学英语跨文化交际,Chapter 8 Cultural influences on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,2,Questions for Chapter 7,Explain Edward T. Halls Context-Culture Theory, illustrate with examples when necessary. Explain Kluckhohn and Strodtbecks Value Orientation Theory, illustrate with examples when necessary. Ex

2、plain Hofstedes Dimensions of Cultural Variability Theory, illustrate with examples when necessary.,跨文化交际chapter8,3,Cultural Influences on Contexts,Business Etiquette Norms,Cultures Influence,Role Behaviors of Students and Teachers,Cultures Influence,Family and Gender Roles,The Business Context,The

3、Educational Context,The Health Care Context,Communication and Context,Classroom Participation,Conversational Structures and Language,Management,Turn Taking,Cultures Influence,跨文化交际chapter8,4,Communication is influenced by external environment: all human interaction is influenced to some degree by th

4、e social, physical, and cultural settings in which it occurs. This is known as the communication context. Three basic assumptions about human communication: Communication is rule governed. Contexts specify the appropriate rules. Rules are culturally diversed.,TEXT A Communication and Context,Chapter

5、 8 Cultural Influences on Context,跨文化交际chapter8,5,Communication is rule governed,People expect culturally determined patterns of behavior or rules to govern their interactions,The rules differ depending on the context.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Context,跨文化交际chapter8,6,Contexts specify the app

6、ropriate rules,Contexts as a classroom, bank, church, hospital, courtroom, wedding, or funeral determine which communication rules apply,Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Context,bank,跨文化交际chapter8,7,Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Context,funeral,跨文化交际chapter8,8,Rules are culturally diversed.,Altho

7、ugh cultures have many of the same social settings or contexts, they may employ different rules. Consequently, concepts of dress, time, language, manners, nonverbal behavior, and control of the communication flow can differ significantly among cultures.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Context,跨文化交际

8、chapter8,9,TEXT B The Business Context,Cultures Influence on the Business Context Management Business Etiquette Norms,Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Context,跨文化交际chapter8,10,Cultures Influence on the Business Context,Business negotiation is intertwined with cultural exchange. This is due to global

9、ization, which is a result of growth in U.S. and foreign multinational industries since the 1960s.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Context,跨文化交际chapter8,11,Management,“Management” can be viewed differently from culture to culture. 1.Management In China 2.Management in the United States 3.Management

10、 in Germany 4.Management in Japan 5.Management in France 6.Management in Mexico and Latin America,Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Context,跨文化交际chapter8,12,1.Management In China,Chinese business values emphasize kinship, interpersonal connections, respect for elders, and hierarchy.,Chapter 8 Cultura

11、l Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,13,2.Management in the United States,In the United States, the manager is a cultural hero. Dominant managerial values in the United States include “achievement and success, belief in hard work, pragmatism, optimism, Puritanism, rationality, impersonality in inte

12、rpersonal work relationships, equality of opportunity, acceptance of competition, and individualism.”,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,14,3.Management in Germany,In Germany, the manager is not a cultural hero. In fact, Germans do not have a very strong concept of management. (权

13、利分散),Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,15,4.Management in Japan,The Japanese do not share a strong sense of management. Managers, section chiefs or department heads, value “groupism, harmony, acceptance of hierarchy in work relationships, sense of obligation, debt of lower level

14、 personnel to superiors, and consensual decision making.”,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,16,4.Management in Japan,日本企业是在60、70年代经济高速发展时期迅速地发展壮大起来的，他们的发展壮大不仅有经济的原因，还有社会的原因，其中也有当时的国际形式带来的好机遇。欧美是十分突出各人作用的，以理性的思维考虑一切问题，往往是六亲不认。而日本人恰恰相反，他们突出的是群体的作用，以“和“为“贵”，这种思想来源于中国的儒家学说。在日本，企业经营就

15、是以此作为其理论的依据。,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,17,5.Management in France,In France, managers act in very superior roles.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,18,6.Management in Mexico and Latin America,The Mexican and Latin American managerial style has often b

16、een characterized as autocratic(独裁的) and paternalistic（家长式作风）.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,19,Business Etiquette Norms,Appointment seeking The Date for Business Greeting behavior Gift giving,Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Context,跨文化交际chapter8,20,Appointment seeking,When

17、 doing business in China, it is important to establish contacts before investing in a trip. In much of Latin America, appointments must be made a month in advance by mail or telephone and then followed up one week before the meeting To do business in Saudi Arabia, you must have a sponsor act as an i

18、ntermediary, make appointment, and arrange meetings.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,21,The Date for Business,In Saudi Arabia, no business is conducted during Aid-al-Fitrthe three-day festival of breaking fast at the end of the month of Ramadanand Aid-al-Adhathe three-day feas

19、t of sacrifice. In Japan, business is not conducted during New Years holidays, Golden Week (April 29 to May 5), and Obon (in mid-August), because many people travel to the graves of their ancestors. In Israel, the Jewish holy day, the Sabbath begins at sunset on Friday and ends at sunset on Saturday

20、.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,22,Greeting behavior,Chinese people usually offer a brief handshake on meeting, but a more common form of greeting is a nod or bow from the shoulders. In American, Both men and women shake hands on meeting and leaving. A small kiss on the chee

21、k or a hug is appropriate between women or between men and women who have known each other for a long time. In Saudi Arabia, greetings involve numerous handshakes and tend to be expressive and elaborate. In Finland, firm handshakes are the normal greeting for men and women. In Finland, it is customa

22、ry for women to be greeted first.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,23,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,hug,跨文化交际chapter8,24,kiss,跨文化交际chapter8,25,Gift Giving,Most Americans view gift giving in the business setting as a form of bribery, but for many cultures, gift giving

23、 is a standard part of business.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,26,TEXT C The Educational Context,Cultural influence on the educational context Role behaviors of students and teacher Classroom Participation Turn taking,Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Context,跨文化交际chapter8,27

24、,A. Cultures Influence on the Educational Context,All participants in the educational context - teachers, students, parents, school administrators, and other staff - bring their cultures beliefs, values, norms, and social practices with them.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Context,跨文化交际chapter8,28

25、,B. Role Behaviors of Students and Teachers,Within many Asian and Asian American cultures, teachers are highly respected. Students and parents would not openly and directly question the authority and statements of a teacher.,跨文化交际chapter8,29,C. Classroom Participation,Some Native American children h

26、ave a difficult time asking straightforward questions and looking directly at their teacher. Similarly, many Native American and Asian American students are unwilling to volunteer, speak out, or raise problems or concerns unless the teacher specifically calls on them by name. Korean students are oft

27、en unwilling to talk with their teachers even when the teachers have incorrectly calculated the students scores on an exam.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,30,D. Turn Taking,Turn taking within the classroom is also governed by cultural expectations. Watch how teachers in your

28、various classes regulate the flow of conversations and contributions.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,31,Cultures Influence on the Health Family and Gender Roles in the Health Care Context Conversational Structures and Language,D. The Health Care Context,Chapter 8 Cultural Inf

29、luences on Context,跨文化交际chapter8,32,Cultures Influence in the health,Magico-religious/personalistic Approach Naturalistic/holistic Approach Biomedical/western Approach,Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Context,跨文化交际chapter8,33,Magico-religious/personalistic Approach,In the personalistic approach, hea

30、lth and illness are closely linked to supernatural forces. Mystical powers, typically outside of human control, cause health and illness. A persons health is therefore at the mercy of these powerful forces for good or evil.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,34,Magico-religious/p

31、ersonalistic Approach,Sometimes illness occur because of improper actions; the restoration of health is thus a reward for proper conduct. Within this approach, health and illness are usually seen as related to the whole community, rather than to a specific individual. The actions of one person can d

32、ramatically affect others.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,35,Magico-religious/personalistic Approach,Treatment for illness within this framework are directed toward soothing or removing problematic supernatural forces rather than changing something organic within the individu

33、al. Healers, who are best equipped to deal with both the spiritual and the physical worlds, perform such treatments.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,36,Magico-religious/personalistic Approach,Some African cultures believe that demons and evil spirits cause illness. Many Asian

34、cultures also believe in the supernatural as an important source of illness. Within the U.S.A., Latino cultures and African American cultures share such beliefs.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,37,Holistic/naturalistic Approach,Humans desire to maintain a sense of harmony with

35、 the forces of nature. Illness is explained in systemic terms and occurs when organs in the body (such as the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys) are out of balance with some aspect of nature. There is thus a great emphasis on the prevention of illness by maintaining a sense of balance and good health

36、.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,38,Holistic/naturalistic Approach,Good health means more than just an individuals biological functioning. It includes his or her relationship to the larger social, political, and environmental circumstances. Some diseases are thought to be cau

37、sed by external climatic elements such as wind, cold, heat, dampness, and dryness.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,39,Holistic/naturalistic Approach,Native Americans often define health in terms of a persons relationship to the nature. Health occurs if a person is in harmony w

38、ith nature, whereas sickness occurs because a principle of nature has been violated.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,40,Holistic/naturalistic Approach,A common distinction within this approach is contrasting of both foods and disease as either hot or cold. The classification o

39、f a disease as hot or as cold links it both to a diagnosis and to a treatment. The ancient Chinese principle of Yin and Yang captures the essence of this distinction.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,41,Biomedical/western Approach,People are thought to be controlled by biochemi

40、cal forces. Objective and physical data are sought.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,42,Biomedical/western Approach,Good health is achieved by knowing which biochemical reactions to set in motion. Disease occurs when a part of the body breaks down, resulting in illness or injur

41、y. Doctors and nurses, who fix the biochemical problem, provide treatments. This approach is dominant within the United States.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influence on Contexts,跨文化交际chapter8,43,Family and Gender Roles in the Health Care Context,The role of the individual patient, in contrast to the role of

42、the family, is an important difference in the functioning of health care systems. The health care system in the United States typically focuses solely on the individual patient as the source of the medical problems in need of a cure. Yet many cultures in the United States are more collectivist and g

43、roup oriented, and this difference can be the basis for serious problems.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Context,跨文化交际chapter8,44,Family and Gender Roles in the Health Care Context,Cultures that value the community or the extended family may influence peoples willingness to keep important health c

44、are appointments. Navajo women, who often give priority to family members needs, have been known to forego clinic appointments when someone from extended family stops in to visit or ask for help. Competent treatment for Latino patients may require the involvement and agreement of other family member

45、s, not just the patient.,Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Context,跨文化交际chapter8,45,Family and Gender Roles in the Health Care Context,Among the Amish communities in the United States, the family includes a large, extended group, with adult members of the extended family having obligations and responsibilities to chil