DEPARTMENT OF JOURNALISM STUDIES ESSAY STYLE AND REFERENCING GUIDE

1、department of journalism studies essay style and referencing guide text layout the title of the essay or coursework should be written in 14pt times new roman or arial and centred at the top of the first page. essays should be written in either times new roman or arial 12 point, at 1.5 line spacing a

2、nd 6pt spacing after each paragraph. paragraphs should be justified. any subheadings used should be in bold or underlined. all pages should be numbered consecutively. referencing convention the following guidelines have been adapted from the university of sheffield harvard referencing guide. a bibli

3、ographical reference should contain sufficient information for someone else or yourself to trace the item in a library. it is very important to be consistent and accurate when citing references. the same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference. citations in the text should gi

4、ve the authors name with the year of publication and then all references should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of the paper/dissertation. harvard method of quoting in the text when quoting directly in the text use quotation marks as well as acknowledging the authors name, year of publica

5、tion and page number of the quote in brackets. short quotations e.g. up to 2 lines can be included in the body of the text:- weir (1995) states that defining roles and their remits is not simple(p.10). longer quotations should be indented (1cm) in a separate paragraph:- thomas and ingham (1995) in d

6、iscussing staff development state that: development is infectious, and staff who previously have recoiled from undertaking a degree or conversion course have been encouraged by the success of others(p.33). if part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots:- weir and ken

7、drick (1995) state that networking is no longer solely within the male domain . . .(p.88). harvard method of citation in the text. all statements, opinions, conclusions etc. taken from another writers work should be acknowledged, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised. in the

8、 harvard system cited publications are referred to in one of the forms shown below: single author:- in a study by seedhouse (1997) coping with illness was investigated. in a study (seedhouse,1997) coping with illness was investigated . when an author has published more than one cited document in the

9、 same year these are distinguished by adding lower case letters after the year within the brackets. burnard (1992a) wrote about communication for health professionals that . two authors :- in the book by basford and slevin (1995) . more than two authors:- benner et al (1996) conclude that . if more

10、than one citation is referred to within a sentence, list them all in the following form, by date and then alphabetically:- there are indications that passive smoking is potentially threatening to the health. ( francome and marks, 1996; bunton, 1995; lupton, 1995) secondary referencing secondary refe

11、rencing is when one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available. you should cite the primary source and the source you have read e.g. (fiedler and chemers, 1974, cited in douglass, 1996). secondary referencing should be avoided if at all possible. harvard metho

12、d of listing references at the end of the text references should be listed in alphabetical order by authors name and then by date (earliest first), and then if more than one item has been published during a specific year by letter (1995a, 1995b etc). whenever possible details should be taken from th

13、e title page of a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different. each reference should include the elements and punctuation given in the examples below. authors forenames can be included if given on the title page but they are not required to be. the title of the publication shoul

14、d either be in italics. a book by a single author: seedhouse, d. (1997) health promotion: philosophy, prejudice and practice. chichester, john wiley. a book by two authors: burns, nancy and grove, susan k. (1997) the practice of nursing research: conduct, critique 1998. updated quarterly. (citation

15、as instructed) jiscmail/listserv email lists these discussion lists generate email messages which are sent directly to the subscriber. many lists will archive the messages sent. references to these messages should be treated in a similar fashion to journal references; using the list name in place of

16、 the journal title and the subject line of the message in place of the article title. for available from use the email address of the list administrator. these details, together with the author, will appear in the message header. author, (day month year). subject of message. discussion list online.

17、available from: jiscmail/listserv email address accessed date. examples: nott, a.j. (26 jan 2000) integrated care pathways. psychiatric- nursing online. available from: http:/www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/psychiatric- nursing.html accessed 5th july 2001. sandall, j. (24 may 2001) free web-based virtual m

18、idwifery library. midwifery-research online. available from: http:/www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/midwifery-research.html accessed 5th july 2001. please note that items may only be archived on discussion group servers for up to a year. a local copy could be kept by the recipient, who is giving the citatio

19、n, but a note should be given to this effect. it is also in your interest to print a copy of potentially temporary sources in case you need to prove a source after it has been deleted/moved/changed. usenet newsgroups/bulletinboards usenet newsgroups allow people with similar interests to read and po

20、st messages in a common location on the internet. author (day month year). subject heading of message. newsgrouponline. available from: name of usenet newsgroup access date. example: clark, d. & young, j. (8 june 2001) substance misuse resource. uk.sci.med.nursing online. available from: news:uk.sc.

21、med.nursing accessed 5th july 2001. if the authors name and initial is not given, use the email name. example: newsrnld.co.uk (7 june 2001) uk learning difficulty website. uk.sci.med.nursing online. available from: news:uk.sc.med.nursing accessed 5th july 2001. personal email if you wish to make ref

22、erence to personal email messages then the following format is recommended. you should get a senders permission to quote a message especially if you quote their email address. however, it is highly unlikely you would be quoting personal e-mail in an academic essay. sender (senders email address) (da

23、y month year). subject of message. email to recipient (recipients email address). example: mcconnell, d. (d.mcconnellsheffield.ac.uk) (28th november 1997) follow up to your interview. personal email to l. parker (l.a.parkersheffield.ac.uk). other electronic sources audiocassettes, cd-roms, film, mic

24、roform, radio broadcasts, television, and videos when citing one of the above items information about the nature of the item should be given where necessary after the title. example: peters, t. (1991) tom peters live. audiocassette. boulder,usa, careertrack publications. many cd-roms, films, videos

25、and broadcasts are the co-operative work of many individuals. these should either be cited with the title as the first element, or if there is an individual with clear responsibility for the intellectual content his name should be used e.g. the director. examples: pride and prejudice. video. (1997)

26、london, bbc. encarta 98 encyclopaedia. cd-rom. (1998) new york, microsoft ltd. henderson, david. (1985) reith lectures. bbc radio 3 and 4. nov - dec 1985. individual items within a programme should be cited as contributions. example: thatcher, margaret. (1986) interview. in: six oclock news.tv, bbc

27、1. 1986 jan 29. 18.00hrs. tips and hints you can use the computer to reduce the amount of typing and therefore, the potential errors which may occur, when referencing. it is possible to have more than one application running at a time and move between them, for example word and netscape. to switch b

28、etween applications press and hold down alt while pressing tab repeatedly to cycle through running applications. when you release tab the application named in the box comes to the foreground. alternatively click on the appropriate icon on the same line as the start button. if you have not yet opened

29、 word, click on start, go up to applications and open word by clicking on the appropriate icon. when in netscape or any other web browser, highlight the location bar with the url by clicking with the mouse and dragging over the text to be copied. a blue background will appear. click on edit and copy

30、. switch to word, position the cursor where you wish the text to go, click on edit and paste. if you do not want the url to be formatted as a hypertext link select paste special and then unformatted text. further information: university of sheffield library (2001) recording and citing references online. sheffield, university of sheffield. available from: http:/www.shef.ac.uk/library/useful/refs.html accessed 7 september 2007. acknowledgements: the following documents have been used in the compilation of this guide and further information can be obtained from them. bournem