2020_2021学年高中英语Module4GreatScientistsGrammar课件外研版必修420210305148

1、Module 4Great Scientists Grammar,语法精讲探究学习,复习被动语态和by+ v. -ing 的用法 【情境探究】,观察上面对话, 用适当的被动语态填写下面教材中的句子, 体会它们的用法。 1. Rice _ also _(grow)in many other Asian countries, and in some European countries. 2. The results of his experiments _(publish)in China in 1966.,is,grown,were published,【要义详析】 一、被动语态 被动语态用于

2、强调谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者或不知道谓语动词所表示的动作的发出者的情况。被动语态常用于陈述事实, 一般用在科技文章或新闻报道中。 英语中语态只有两种, 即主动语态和被动语态。所谓“被动语态”, 相当于中文中常说的“被”句式。被动语态的构成: be+过去分词(+by+动作执行者)。,1. 一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态,*The classroom is cleaned by us every day. 教室每天都由我们打扫。 *Such songs are usually sung by girls. 这些歌通常是女孩子们唱的。 *The window was broken by my

3、son. 窗户被我儿子打破了。,【即学活用】 语法填空。 (1)(2019天津高考)Amy, as well as her brothers, _(give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week. (2)These flowers _(water) by Li Ming every three days. (3)A lot of tall buildings _(put) up in this city last year.,was given,are watered,were put,2. 现在进行时和过去进行时的被动

4、语态,*A hospital is being built in the centre of the town. 镇中心正在建一家医院。 *How is the new teaching method being tried there? 那里是怎样试行这种新教学方法的? *The house was being painted when we arrived at his home. 我们到他家时, 他家房子正在粉刷。 *Was the TV set being fixed at this time yesterday? 昨天这个时候电视机正在被修理吗?,【即学活用】 语法填空。 (1)(2

5、018天津高考)My washing machine _(repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand. (2)The boy _(save) at this time last night.,is being repaired,was being saved,3. 现在完成时和过去完成时的被动语态,*The radio has not been turned on yet. 收音机还没开。 *Has a new training centre been set up in our town? 我们镇上新的培训中心建好了吗? *

6、In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones hadnt been invented yet. 20世纪50年代的美国, 大部分家庭中只有一部电话, 无线电话还没有发明出来。 *She told me that she had been dismissed by her boss. 她告诉我, 她已被老板解雇了。,【知识延伸】现在完成时和过去完成时的注意事项(1)现在完成时强调动作从过去某个时候截止到现在, 常与下面的时间状语连用。 now, today, tonig

7、ht, this week, this year, already, yet, just, recently, in/during/over the past+时间段, so far/until now/up to now. . . 等。 (2)过去完成时强调动作发生在过去某个动作或时间之前, 常与by, before等构成的时间短语连用。 (3)当表示一段时间, 现在完成时和过去完成时都可以用for +时间段或since引导的时间状语从句。,【即学活用】 (1)语法填空。 Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement _(reach)s

8、o far by the two sides. The room _(clean) before he arrived. (2)单句改错。 (2018北京高考)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had trapped in the mountains for two days. ( ),has been reached,had been cleaned,trapped前加been,4. 一般将来时和过去将来时的被动语态,*The work will be done immediately. 这项工作将马上展开。 *W

9、ill the school sports meeting be held next week? 校运动会将在下星期举行吗? *When shall we be given a lecture on the Internet? 什么时候给我们做有关因特网的讲座? *He said that a new trade center would be built in the centre of the city. 他说一个新的贸易中心将在市中心建起来。,【即学活用】 语法填空。 (1)A Chinese Painting Exhibition _(hold) in this local city

10、next week. (2)More expressways _(build) in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy. (3)He said that Mary _(give) a gold medal at the meeting to be held.,will be held,will be built,would be given,5. 将来完成时和过去将来完成时的被动语态. *The exam will have been finished before July. 考试将在七月前结束。 *He told me that he wo

11、uld have graduated from college before next month. 他告诉我下个月之前他将大学毕业。,【即学活用】 语法填空。 (1)My homework _(finish) when you arrive tomorrow. (2)He told his boss his work _(finish) by ten oclock.,will have been finished,would have been finished,6. 含情态动词的被动语态 *The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-

12、sitter. 婴儿应该由保姆好好照顾。 *Young trees must be watered often. 小树必须经常浇水。,【即学活用】 语法填空。 (1)More trees must _(plant) every year to stop the wind. (2)Children should _(allow) to choose their clothes.,be planted,be allowed,7. 被动语态的高频考点 (1)感官动词和使役动词have, make, let主动语态的宾语补足语是不带to的不定式, 变为被动语态时, 该不定式前要带to。 *The te

13、acher made me go out of the classroom. 老师让我走出教室。 I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).,(2)短语动词的被动语态 短语动词是一个整体, 不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。 *Yuan Longpings achievement is highly thought of by people. 袁隆平的成就受到人们的高度评价。,(3)“get+过去分词”结构 被动语态除常用“be +过去分词”构成外, 还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中, 强调动作的结果。其后的动作执

14、行者(即by短语)一般不表示出来。 *(2020全国卷)In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husbands family when they get married. 在印度, 尤其是在城市以外的地方, 年轻女性期望在结婚后搬到丈夫家去住。,(4)表示“据说”或“人们相信” 的词组, 基本上由it+is+believe, consider, declare, expect, feel, report, say, see, suppose, think, un

15、derstand等的过去分词+that组成。例如: It is said that. . . 据说 It is reported that. . . 据报道 It is believed that. . . 大家相信 It is hoped that. . . 大家希望 It is well known that. . . 众所周知 It is thought that. . . 大家认为,It is suggested/requested/required that. . . 据建议/要求 It has been decided that. . . 大家决定 It must be remem

16、bered that. . . 务必记住的是 *It is thought that Zhong Nanshan has made great contributions to preventing COVID-19. 人们认为钟南山为防控新冠肺炎作出了重大贡献。 * It is suggested that something should be done to prevent and control pandemic diseases. 有人建议要采取措施防控流行性疾病。,(5)“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”这一句型变成被动语态 在这个句型中, 谓语动词有两个宾语。变成被动语态时, 一

17、般将指人的间接宾语转化成主语, 但有时也可将指物的直接宾语转化成主语: *We gave the student some books. 我们给了这个学生几本书。 The student was given some books. Some books were given to the student.,【易错精点】什么时候需要介词? 用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时, 通常要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词(如to, for, of等)。,【即学活用】 (1)句型转换。 The boss makes them work day and night. _ day and night. The mana

18、ger is said to have arrived back from Paris. _the manager has arrived back from Paris. Weve given her some advice. _ some advice. _ her.,They are made to work,Its said that,She has been given,Some advice has been given to,(2)单句改错。 After getting up I got dress as quickly as I could and left in a hurr

19、y. ( ),dress改为dressed,8. 谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 (1)英语中有很多动词, 如sell, wash, open, lock, read, write等, 当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时, 常用其主动形式表达被动意义, 主语通常是物。这时常与副词easily, well等连用。 *The pen writes smoothly. 这钢笔书写流利。 *His new novel sells well. 他的新小说很畅销。,(2)表示“发生、进行”等的不及物动词和短语, 如happen, last, take place, break out, come ou

20、t, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等用主动形式表示被动意义。 *Fire broke out during the night. 夜间突然发生了火灾。 * The girls dream came true. 这个女孩的梦想成真。 (3)系动词没有被动形式, 有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, look等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 *Your words sound reasonable. 你的话听起来有道理。,(4)在need, want, require等词的后面, 动名词

21、用主动形式表示被动意义, 其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 *The house needs repairing (to be repaired). 这房子需要修理。,【即学活用】 (1)语法填空。 All the tickets _(sell)out when they arrived. (2)My T-shirt _and my trousers dont need _so I hardly need to do some washing today. 我的T恤衫很好洗, 我的裤子不需要洗, 所以我今天几乎不需要洗衣服。,sold,washes well,washing/to be wa

22、shed,二、by+v. -ing的用法 by+v. -ing意为“通过, 靠, 凭”, 作方式状语用来表示方法、方式、手段等。 *(2019全国卷)Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements 科学家回应指出, 饥饿的熊可能会聚集在人类定居点周围。 *She earned her place in the team by training hard. 她通过刻苦训练在队里获得了地位。,*She learned English well

23、 by listening to the radio and reading aloud. 她通过听收音机和大声朗读学好了英语。 *By reviewing the old, you can learn something new. 温故而知新。,【即学活用】 (1)He succeeded _. 他通过努力工作获得了成功。 (2)Her uncle managed to support a large family _. 她叔叔通过卖报纸设法养活一个大家庭。,by working hard,by selling newspapers,课时检测素养达标,. 句型转换 1. Somebody w

24、as cleaning the room when I arrived. The room _when I arrived. 2. He hasnt received the letter. The letter _. 3. Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. The boy _a cigarette. 4. Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. A stranger _into the building.,was being cleaned,hasnt been received by

25、 him,was caught smoking,was seen to walk,5. It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. The boy _the national exam. They say that the boy _the national exam.,is said to have passed,has passed,. 用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. In the past few years a lot of buildings _(set) up in our city. 【拓展训练】 Nothing c

26、an save him. What can be done _(do) so far. 2. Another bridge _(complete) over the river at the end of this year.,have been set,has been done,will be completed,【方法技巧】at the end of +将来的时间和by the end of +将来的时间 当句中有时间状语“at the end of +将来的时间”时, 句子常用一般将来时; 当句中有时间状语“by the end of +将来的时间”时, 句子常用一般将来完成时。,3.

27、 Look! A new cinema _(build)here. 4. I _(give)ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 5. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium _(complete)in Beijing. 6. The pen on the desk _ (belong) to Peter, which _ (write) well. 7. The water _(feel)cool when I jumped into the pool for m

28、orning exercise. 8. He made a call to inform me that the sports meeting _(hold)next Monday. 9. We can operate the machine well by _(practice) more.,is being built,was given,had been completed,belongs,writes,felt,would be held,practicing,【语法主题应用】 综合运用本模块所学语法知识, 翻译下列语段。 一场会议即将在101房间举行。昨天我到达这个房间时, 它的窗户

29、已经被打破了, 并且它的墙正在被粉刷。很显然, 这个房间需要清理。Tom被派出打扫房间(be made to do)。然而, 这个房间的门锁不上。通过打电话呼叫维修工(repairer) , Tom找人修理好了房子。,_ _ _ _,A meeting will be held in Room 101. Yesterday when I arrived at the house,its windows had been broken, and its wall was being painted. It was obvious that,the room needed cleaning. To

30、m was made to clean the room. However, the door,wouldnt lock. Tom got the house repaired by calling the repairer.,十一Module 4Grammar,课时素养评价,【语用训练】 . 单句语法填空 1. The teacher will get angry if your homework _(not finish) on time. 2. Everyone dislikes _(make) fun of by others. 3. He hoped that he _(give)

31、a more suitable job. 4. Shakespeares play Hamlet _(make) into at least ten different films over the past years.,is not finished,being made,would be given,has been made,5. So what is the procedure? All the applicants _(interview) before a final decision is made by the authority. 6. We are confident t

32、hat the environment _(improve) by our further efforts to reduce pollution. 7. The government announced that six highways _(build) by the end of last year. 8. A dinner party _(hold) in celebration of the great achievements she had made when I called her yesterday.,are interviewed,will be improved,had

33、 been built,was being held,9. It is reported that many a new house _(build) at present in the disaster area. 10. A lot of water _(waste) every year. Its a serious problem.,is being built,is wasted,. 单句改错 1. The building built by our school last year. ( ) 2. My father enjoys his spare time by reading

34、 newspapers or listen to music. ( ) 3. As we all know, bananas are usually sold by the weight. ( ) 4. Having shown around the classroom, we were taken to the library. ( ) 5. I havent moved into my new house, for it is painted. ( ),building后加was,listen listening,去掉the,Having后加been,is后加being,. 完成句子 1.

35、 The textbooks and dictionaries _while the magazines serve as reading materials. 教科书和字典可以作为参考书, 而杂志可以作为阅读材料。 2. That kind of cloth _, so it won the welcome of housewives. 这种布料很好洗, 因此它受到了家庭主妇们的欢迎。 3. All the preparations _. 所有的准备都做完了。,can be used as reference books,washes well,have been completed/ fi

36、nished,4. As far as I am concerned, I think that the column concerning entertainment _ _. 就我而言, 我认为有关娱乐的专栏应该被删除。 5. The prisoner _the money. 有人看见这个犯人偷了钱。,should,be removed,was seen to steal,【主题阅读】 . 阅读理解 (2020牡丹江高一检测) There are hundreds of types of birthday cake in the world. You are likely to enjoy

37、 one during at least one of your birthday parties. But have you ever stopped and wondered, “Why am I eating this? What makes this dessert fit to celebrate the day of my birth? ” Its because you are as important and beloved as the gods.,The ancient Egyptians are thought to have “invented” the celebra

38、tion of birthdays. They believed when pharaohs (法老) were crowned, they became gods, so their coronation (加冕) day was their “birth” as a god. Ancient Greeks borrowed the tradition, but realized that a dessert would make the celebration more meaningful. So they baked moon-shaped cakes to offer up to t

39、he goddess of the moon. They decorated them with lighted candles to make the cakes shine like the moon. It is the reason why we light our birthday cakes on fire.,Modern birthday parties are said to get their roots from an 18th century German celebration. On the morning of a childs birthday, he or sh

40、e would receive a cake with lighted candles that added up to the kids age, plus one. This extra candle was called the “light of life, ” representing the hope of another full year lived. And then, torture because no one could eat the cake until after dinner. The family replaced the candles as they bu

41、rned out throughout the day. Finally, when the moment came, the birthday child would make a wish, try to blow out all the candles in one breath, and dig in.,Since the ingredients (原料) to make cakes were pretty expensive, this birthday custom didnt become popular until the Industrial Revolution. More

42、 ingredients were available, which made them cheaper, and bakeries even started selling pre-baked cakes. 【文章大意】本文是说明文。文章介绍了生日蛋糕的起源。,1. What is the passage mainly about? A. The origin of birthday cakes. B. The significance of birthday cakes. C. The history of birthday parties. D. The introduction of

43、cake production. 【解析】选A。主旨大意题。第一段中, “我为什么要吃这个? 是什么让这个甜点适合庆祝我的生日呢? ” 短文以提问的形式点明主题以及根据下文的具体介绍可知, 本文讲述了生日蛋糕的起源。故选A。,2. Who established the tradition of celebrating birthdays with cakes according to the passage? A. Germans. B. Pharaohs. C. Ancient Greeks. D. Ancient Egyptians. 【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第四段古希腊人借鉴了这

44、一传统, 但意识到甜点会让庆祝活动更有意义。所以他们烤月亮形状的蛋糕来供奉给月亮女神。他们用点燃的蜡烛装饰蛋糕, 使蛋糕像月亮一样闪闪发光。这就是我们为什么把生日蛋糕点着的原因。所以是古希腊人建立了用蛋糕庆祝生日的传统。故选C。,3. The underlined word “torture” in Paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to . A. pleasureB. replacement C. sharingD. suffering 【解析】选D。词义猜测题。根据第六段And then, torture because no one could eat

45、the cake until after dinner. 大家只有在晚餐后才能吃蛋糕, 这是一种折磨。所以画线词的意思是suffering“折磨”。故选D。,4. Why was the birthday cake custom unpopular before the Industrial Revolution? A. The transport was inconvenient. B. The ingredients of cakes were expensive. C. The cake could not be eaten before dinner. D. The bakeries

46、would not sell pre-baked cakes. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据最后一段可知, 因为制作蛋糕的原料非常贵, 直到工业革命生日蛋糕风俗才受欢迎。所以在工业革命前生日蛋糕风俗不受欢迎的原因是原料很贵。故选B。,. 完形填空 Goran Kropp was a famous Swedish adventurer and climber. In 1972, at the age of six with his fathers help, he 1 Galdhopiggen, the highest mountain in Northern Europe. Twenty-t

47、hree years later, he stood on the highest peak in the world, Mount Everest. His journey to the 2 shows just how independent and strong-willed this 3 man is.,4 most people arrive at the foothills of Mount Everest by some means of modern 5, Kropp bicycled 7, 000 miles from his home in Sweden. Travelli

48、ng by bike was not 6. He stopped many times to 7 his bike because rough roads caused it to break down. Besides, he was run after by dogs, stung by hornets and was caught in the rain several times before he 8 the base of the mountain.,Kropp 9 to climb Mount Everest the same way he travelled to the mo

49、untain: without the 10 of others and without modern conveniences. Unlike other 11, Kropp climbed the mountain without a guide or helper. He did not 12 bottled oxygen to help him 13 at high altitudes and he carried all of his 14 himself in a pack that weighed about 140 pounds.,It 15 Kropp two tries t

50、o reach the top of Mount Everest. The first time, he had to 16 only 350 feet from the top because the weather was too dangerous. Just a few days earlier, at that same level eight climbers had 17 when a sudden snowstorm had hit the mountain. He felt deep sorrow(悲痛) for them and thus became more 18. T

51、he climber waited out the storm, 19, and tried again a few days later. This time he was 20. After he walked down the mountain, he got back on his bike and rode the 7, 000 miles back to Sweden. 【文章大意】Goran Kropp是瑞典的冒险家和登山者。他知名于他的珠峰攀登, 他用自行车带着所有登山装备从瑞典出发, 不用氧登顶, 然后骑车回家。,1. A. enjoyedB. visited C. sawD

52、. climbed 【解析】选D。逻辑推理题。根据前面一句可知, Goran Kropp是瑞典著名的冒险家和登山者, 所以此处指他在六岁时就登上了(climb)北欧最高的山脉。 2. A. top B. country C. area D. valley 【解析】选A。逻辑推理题。根据上一句的he stood on the highest peak in the world可知, 他爬到了珠穆朗玛峰的山顶(top)。,3. A. great B. kindC. normal D. honest 【解析】选A。逻辑推理题。根据下文提到的他爬珠穆朗玛峰没有带瓶装的氧气也没有导游, 这说明他很了不起

53、, 所以用great来形容。 4. A. Unless B. Once C. While D. Because 【解析】选C。逻辑推理题。此处指虽然大多数人通过某种现代的交通工具到达珠穆朗玛峰的山脚, 但是Kropp却是骑自行车抵达。while表示“虽然”。 5. A. design B. transport C. material D. technology 【解析】选B。习语搭配题。means of transport表示“交通工具/方式”。,6. A. boring B. easy C. tiring D. busy 【解析】选B。背景常识题。根据常识可知骑自行车从瑞典到珠穆朗玛峰是不容

54、易的(easy)。 7. A. lock B. repair C. find D. ride 【解析】选B。逻辑推理题。根据句中的break down(出故障)可知, 此处指修理(repair)自行车。 8. A. left B. reached C. discovered D. toured 【解析】选B。逻辑推理题。此处指在他抵达(reach)山脚前, 他被狗追, 被马蜂蜇, 被雨淋。,9. A. chose B. refused C. agreed D. hated 【解析】选A。逻辑推理题。Kropp选择(choose)同样的方式攀登珠峰: 没有他人的帮助也没有现代的便利的设施。 10

55、. A. absence B. confidence C. assistance D. knowledge 【解析】选C。逻辑推理题。根据下一句中的without a guide or helper可知。,11. A. observers B. travelers C. climbers D. runners 【解析】选C。词汇复现题。根据文中多次出现的climber可知。 12. A. gather B. order C. share D. bring 【解析】选D。逻辑推理题。此处指他没有带(bring)瓶装氧气。,13. A. breathe B. walk C. live D. sta

56、y 【解析】选A。背景常识题。带氧气的目的就是帮助呼吸(breathe)。 14. A. medicine B. food C. clothes D. equipment 【解析】选D。背景常识题。登山应该带着装备。 15. A. took B. spent C. cost D. used 【解析】选A。词语辨析题。此处指Kropp经过两次尝试后到达了珠峰的顶峰。take可以用于it takes sb. +时间段/次数+to do sth. , 表示“做某事需要某人多长时间/多少次”; spend表示“花费”, 主语是人; cost表示“花费”, 主语是具体某物。,16. A. go on B

57、. get up C. set out D. turn back 【解析】选D。逻辑推理题。根据下文可知, 他的第一次尝试失败是因为恶劣的天气迫使他返回(turn back)。 17. A. succeeded B. won C. died D. appeared 【解析】选C。逻辑推理题。根据下一句He felt deep sorrow for them可知八名登山者遇难了。,18. A. surprised B. strong-willed C. pleased D. disappointed 【解析】选B。逻辑推理题。虽然他为遇难者感到悲痛, 但他爬山的意志更加坚定。,19. A. hi

58、d B. stopped C. survived D. rested 【解析】选D。逻辑推理题。此处指Kropp在等待暴风雨过去, 休息了一下, 几天后再次尝试。wait out表示“等到结束”, wait out a storm等到风暴过去。此处waited, rested, tried是并列谓语, 表示一连串的动作。 20. A. hopeful B. successful C. careful D. meaningful 【解析】选B。逻辑推理题。根据最后一句可知他第二次尝试成功了, 然后下山骑车回家了。,. 语法填空 阅读下面材料, 在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确

59、形式。 The Water Splashing Festival(泼水节) of the Dai ethnic minority falls in April. It is the most important festival 1._ (observe) by the Dai people in the Dehong area of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province.,During the festival 2. lasts three or four days, people are dressed in their best clothes and parti

60、cipate in a variety of rich and colorful 3. _ (activity). Dragon boat racing, fireworks displays and other performances such as Peacock Dance 4. (hold) on the first day. And the most popular event 5. _(be) water-splashing on the second day. People splash water on each other, hoping to take away sick