土木工程专业外文翻译 高层建筑

1、外文原文10Tall Buildingsin the design and construction ofAlthough there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general, spectacular achievements have been made ultrahigh-rise buildings.began with structural steel framing. have since been economically andThe early development

2、of high-rise buildingsReinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes. The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and

3、 development of new structural systems.Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit.Excessive lateralsway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural d

4、etails. In addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of their perception of such motion. Structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore do not requir

5、e additional stiffening to limit the sway.In a steel structure, for example, the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building. Curve A in Fig. 1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers

6、of stories. Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads. The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame; Structural engineers have developed structural systems with

7、 a view to eliminating this premium.Systems in steel. Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations. The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings.Frames with rigid belt trusses. In order to tie the exterior co

8、lumns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses, a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used. A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin Bank Building (1974) in Milwaukee.Framed tube. The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a

9、 tall building, for both strength and stiffness, to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column elements can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground. This particular structural system was probably us

10、ed for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago. The most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 110-story World Trade Center building in New York.Column-diagonal truss tube. The exterior columns of a build

11、ing can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with. Diagonal members intersecting at the center line of the columns and beams. This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Center in Chicago, using as

12、 much steel as is normally needed for a traditional story building.Fig. 1. Graphical relationship between design quantities of steel and building heights for a typical building frame.Curves A and B correspond to the boundary conditionsindicated in the two building diagrams. 1 psf = 0. 048kPa.Bundled

13、 tube. With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency. The i10-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tubes, bundled at

14、tile base of the building in three rows. Some of these individual tubes terminate at different heights of the building, demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept. The Sears tower, at a height of 1450 ft (442 m), is the worlds tallest building.Stressed-

15、skin tube system. The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces (wind or earthquake) and the control of drift (lateral building movement) in high-rise building. The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further. The development of the stressed-skin

16、 tube utilizes the facade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings, and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor area.Because of the

17、 contribution of the stressed-skin facade, the framed members of the tube require less mass, and are thus lighter and less expensive. All the typical columns and spandrel beams are standard rolled shapes, minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members. The depth requirement for the perimete

18、r spandrel beams is also reduced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space, is minimized.The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittsburgh.Systems in concrete. While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start

19、, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive challenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings.Framed tube. As discussed above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story D

20、eWitt Chestnut Apartment Building. In this building, exterior columns were spaced at 5.5-ft (1.68-m) centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-in.-thick (20-cm) flat-plate concrete slabs.Tube in tube. Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the tr

21、aditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube. The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area. The system (Fig.2), known as the tube-in-tube system, made it possible to design the wo

22、rlds present tallest (714 ft or 218m) lightweight concrete Building in Houston)for structure of only 35 s oriel building the unit 52 story One Shell Plaza of a traditional shear wallSystems compiling both concrete and steel have also been developed ， an example of which is the composite system devel

23、oped by Skidmore ， Owings & Merrill in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing ， thereby combining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural steel systems The 52 story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system

24、NEW WORDS AND PHRASES 123456789spectacular 壮观的，惊人的，引人注意的 sway 摇动，摇摆，歪，使倾斜 residential 居住的，住宅的，作住家用的 commercial 商业的，商业上的，商务的 innovation boundary eliminate apartment革新，创新，新方法，新事物 分界线，边界 排除，消除，除去 公寓住宅，单元住宅column 柱，支柱，圆柱，柱状物 10 demonstrate 示范，证明，演示，111213141516171819202122project 凸出，投射，计划，工程 stress 应力，压

25、力 truss 构架，桁架bundle 捆，束，包 terminate 使终止，使结尾，结束 facade （房屋的 ）E 面，立面，表面 perimeter 周，周围，周界，周长 encroach 侵犯，侵占，蚕食high rise building 高层建筑 reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土 spandrel beam 窗下墙的墙托梁 shear wall 剪力墙中文译文高层建筑大体上建筑施工工艺学方面已经有许多进步 , 在超高层的设计和施工上 已经取得了惊人的成就。高层建筑早期的发展开始于钢结构。 钢筋混凝土和薄壳筒系统已经经济 而竞争性地被用于大量的住宅和商业目的的结

26、构。 由于新型结构系统的创新 和发展，现在从 50到 100层的高层建筑遍布全美国。更大高度的要求增加了梁柱的尺寸以使建筑物刚性更强， 以便在风荷载 作用下建筑物将不会产生超过一个可接受限度的摆动。 过度的侧移可能导致 隔墙，天花板和其他建筑细部的重复性损害。此外，过度侧倾可能使建筑物 的居住者因为对摆动的知觉而导致不便。钢筋混凝土和钢结构系统，能充分 利用整个建筑物固有潜在的劲性，因而不需要额外加劲以限制侧倾。例如，在一个钢结构中，经济性由建筑物房屋面积每平方英尺钢的全部 平均数量来定义。 图一中的曲线 A 采用层逐渐增加的数量表现传统框架的平 均单位重。曲线 B 则表现框架受到所有横向荷载

27、保护下的平均钢重量。上下 边界之间的间隙则表现传统梁柱框架为高度付出的额外费用。 结构工程师已 经发展了可消除这一额外费用的结构系统。钢结构体系。因为一些类型的结构改革，钢高层建筑物得到了发展。此 改革被用于办公大楼和公寓的建造。(1974) 。带有刚性带式桁架的框架。 为了将一个框架结构的外柱约束于内部的垂 直梁架, 可能在建筑物中部和顶部采用一个刚性带式桁架的系统。这一系统 的最好例证是在密尔瓦基的威斯康辛州第一银行建筑物框架筒体。只有当建筑物突出地面的所有的柱构件能够彼此连接使整个建筑物成为一个空心筒体或一个劲性箱体时， 一幢高层建筑的整个结构才能 最有效。这种特殊的结构体系第一次大概是

28、用于芝加哥的 43 层楼高的德威 特栗木钢筋混凝土公寓。 而这一系统最重要的应用是纽约的 110 层楼高的世 界贸易中心的钢结构双塔。对角柱桁架支撑筒体。 建筑物的外柱可以被适当的分隔却仍能通过在梁 柱中线处交叉对角构件连接使之作为一个筒体而共同工作。 这种简单而又极 其有用的系统最早被用于芝加哥的约翰汉考克中心， 其仅仅使用了传统的 40 层楼高建筑的用钢量组合筒体（束筒）。由于对更大更高的建筑物的持续需求，框架筒和对 角柱桁架支撑筒可能采用组合使用的形式以创造更大的筒， 并仍可以保持高 功效。芝加哥 110 层楼高的西尔斯瑞巴克总部有 9 个筒，由三排建筑物组合 而成。一些个别筒体终止在建

29、筑物不同的高度，证明了无限建筑可能性的结 构观念。西尔斯塔高1450英尺（442m，是世界上最高的建筑。薄壳筒体系。筒结构体系的发展提高了高层建筑抵抗侧向力（风和地震 作用）和飘移（建筑物的侧向运动）的能力。薄壳筒使筒结构体系有了进一 步的发展。薄壳筒的进步是利用（高层）建筑的外表面（墙和板）作为与框 筒共同作用的结构构件，为高层建筑抵抗侧向荷载提供了一个有效的途径， 而且可获得不设柱子， 节省成本，使用面积与建筑面积之比很高的室内空间。由于薄壳表面的作用，筒体的框架构件数量减少，使得结构更轻，费用 更少。所有标准柱和外墙托梁都采用标准型钢，使得组合构件的使用和花费 最小化。四周外墙托梁的深度要求也被减少，而且楼板上的顶梁对有用空间 的占用会达到最小。 这种结构系统已经被使用于 54 层楼高的匹兹堡的梅隆 银行中心。混凝土体系。虽然采用钢结构建造的高层建筑开始很早，但是钢筋混凝 土高层建筑的快速发展在办公大楼和公寓方面对钢结构体系产生了很大的 挑战。框架筒体。由上面讨论到的，高层建筑最早的框架筒体概念应用于 43 层楼高的德威特栗木公寓。 在这一建筑物中， 外柱以中心距为 5.5 英尺（168 米）的间隔排列，内柱则用于支撑 8 英寸厚的混凝土平板。筒中筒。另一个用于办公大楼的钢筋混凝土结构体系是将内部框架筒体 与传统的剪力墙工艺相结合。 这种体系由间距很小的柱子