Howtowriteliteraturereview解析

1、Unit Five How to Write Literature Review Focuses ? What is a review of the literature? ? Why do we write literature review? ? How to write literature review ? ? Cited sources in a literature review ? Order of Citations ? Verb Tense in Citation 1. What is a review of the literature? ? According to th

2、e Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge and or methodological approaches on a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work. ?

3、 A well-structured literature review is characterized by a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style; proper use of terminology; and an unbiased and comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic. 文献综述的写法 ? 文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报 资料后

4、经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文， 它是科学文献的一种。 ? 文献综述是反映当前某一领域中某分支学科 或重要专题的最新进展、学术见解和建议的。 它往往能反映出有关问题的新动态、新趋势、 新水平、新原理和新技术等等。 ? “综”是要求对文献资料进行综合分析、 归纳整理，使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑 层次； ? “述”就是要求对综合整理后的文献进行 比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论 述。 ? 总之，文献综述是作者对某一方面问题的 历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现 状和发展前景等内容进行评论的科学性论 文。 文献综述的基本结构文献综述的基本结构 ? 第一层：原因、意义、综述的范围等； ? 第二层

5、：相关问题的研究历史、现状、基 本内容、已解决的问题和尚存问题、对当 前的影响和发展趋势； ? 第三层次：文献综述的结论，概述本文的 研究目的、拟解决的问题等等。 文献综述的撰写要求文献综述的撰写要求 ? 分层写：参照前面的基本结构从不同的层次展开； ? 分类写：按照作者对研究问题所持态度不同，对文献进 行分类 ? 对比分析：对不同观点的文献进行对比分析，找出他们 之间的主要分歧 ? 表明观点：对不同的观点做出判断，表明作者的观点 ? 突出经典研究：突出著名学者、重要书籍及期刊上的文 章的观点； ? 确立研究起点：在分析的基础上说明本研究的目的和意 义 2. Why do we write l

6、iterature review? ? Literature reviews provide you with a handy guide to a particular topic. If you have limited time to conduct research, literature reviews can give you an overview or act as a stepping stone. For professionals, they are useful reports that keep them up to date with what is current

7、 in the field. ? For scholars, the depth and breadth of the literature review emphasizes the credibility of the writer in his or her field. Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research papers investigation. Comprehensive knowledge of the literature of the field is essential to m

8、ost research papers. 3. How to write: (1) Four stages 1. Problem formulation which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues? 2. Literature search finding materials relevant to the subject being explored 3. Data evaluation determining which literature makes a significant con

9、tribution to the understanding of the topic 4. Analysis and interpretation discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature (2) Four tasks A literature review must do these things: 1. be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research question you are developing 2. syn

10、thesize results into a summary of what is and is not known 3. identify areas of controversy in the literature 4. formulate questions that need further research (3) Elements comprised in literature review ? An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of

11、the literature review ? Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative thesis entirely) ? Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others ? Conclusions as to which pieces are b

12、est considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of research (4) Strategies for writing the literature review ? Find a focus: not just simply list your sources and go into detail about each

13、one of them, one at a time. ? Construct a working thesis statement ：argue for a particular perspective on the material ? Use evidence ：interpretation must be backed up with evidence to show that what you are saying is valid. ? Be selective： Select only the most important points in each source to hig

14、hlight in the review. ? Summarize and synthesize： Remember to summarize and synthesize your sources within each paragraph as well as throughout the review. While the literature review presents others ideas, your voice (the writers) should remain front and center. Cited sources in a literature review

15、 ? We cannot imagine one can fulfill the writing of a literature review without referring to any bibliography. In other words, to make a literature review more convincing, the writer has to have some cited sources in his or her literature review. How to quote ? As for the writing of a literature rev

16、iew for his or her graduation paper, one needs to do the following: A. Cite and quote when necessary B. Use in-text citations(文中夹注) C. Number of cited sources (at least 20) D. All cited sources must be listed in the bibliography. 注意：注意：正文中所采用的夹注要与参考文献 严格一一对应。严格一一对应。所有文中夹注必须能在 Bibliography中找到与其对应的文献；

17、同样， 所有在Bibliography中所列举的都是文中夹 注引用涉及的文献，不得罗列同正文没有 直接关系的文献。 文中夹注文中夹注 ? 论文注释一律采用文中夹注的方式，若是 中文作者，需用汉语拼音表示。通常有以 下几种形式： 1)来自文章、专著的直接引语，作者姓名在 文中已经出现，格式为： 出版年份:页码 例： Rees said, “As key aspects of in the process” (1986:241). 或： Rees (1986:241) said, “As key aspects of in the process” 2) 来自文章、专著的直接引语，作者姓名在 文中

18、没有出现，格式为： 作者姓名，出版年份:页码 例： The underlying assumption is that language “bound up with culture in multiple and complex ways”(Ellis, 1968: 3). 3) 来自文章、专著的间接引语，作者姓名在 文中已经出现，格式为： 出版年份：引文页码 例：According to Alun Rees (1986:234), the writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings

19、 to the learning situation. 或： According to Alun Rees, the writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learning situation (1986:234). 4) 来自文章、专著的间接引语，作者姓名在 文中没有提到，格式为： 作者姓名，出版年份：引文页码 例：It may be true that in the appreciation of medieval art the attitude of the

20、 observer is of primary importance ( Robertson, 1987: 136). 参考文献参考文献 参考文献单独成页。Bibliography居中，采用 四号Times New Roman加粗体，中文文献内 容采用小四号宋体，英文文献采用Times New Roman小四号字体。 （1）序号加方括号,其后不要另加任何标点符号。 （2）参考文献涉及著录按外文文献居前、中文文献 居中、网络文献居后的顺序进行编排。 （3）文献目录一律按作者姓氏汉语拼音或外文字母 顺序排列。 （4）每条文献必须顶格写，回行时空 2个汉字或4 个英语字母。 （5）将各文献的类型代号

21、（即文献英文名的首字母） 注明在文献之后： 专著M 期刊文章J 学位论文D 论文集C 论文集的析出文献A 报纸文章N 报告 R 其他未说明文件Z 网上期刊J/OL 联机网上数据库（database online）DB/OL l) 专著 基本格式：作者，出版年 , 文献题名文献类型标 识。出版地：出版者 , 起止页码。如： 章振邦，1989，新编英语语法M。上海：上海译文出版 社。 中文作者为两位以上的，作者之间用顿号隔开。如： 程晓堂、郑敏，2002，英语学习策略 M。北京：外语教学 与研究出版社。 英文作者须将其姓氏放在前面，其名使用首字母缩写并置 于其姓后，以逗号隔开。如： Elliot,

22、 E. 1987. Columbia Literary History of the United StatesM. New York: Columbia University Press. 如果有两个以上的英文作者，第一作者的姓在前， 名的缩写在后。后面几位作者则是名的缩写在前， 姓的全称在后，作者之间用逗号隔开，最后一位作 者以 如超过两行, 则按直接引用规则D 处理。 例：In his “Hymn to Intellectual Beauty,” Shelly personifies the immaterial, spiritual world: “The awful shadow o

23、f some unseen Power / Floats though unseen among us.” In “Song of Myself,” Walt Whitman uses the dictation and rhythm of natural speech. A child said What is the grass? fetching it to me with full hands; 如果该引文在引用材料中本身就是引用材料， 需要在引文后的括号内先注明qtd. in即quoted in， 然后注明该作家的姓和书籍的页码，如(qtd. in Chomsky 121 )。 5.

24、 Order of Citations 1) Chronological( 编年史的): earliest latest 2) General to specific: remotely related closely related 3) Different approaches: one approach + another + still another approach 59- 39 59- 40 Following is part of a literature review taken from the introduction to a paper in the field of

25、 English learning. The sentences are given here in scramble order. Arrange the sentences in the order you feel they should appear in the original text. The review begins with sentence B. 59- 41 Stylistic Variations in Science Lectures _A. Pang and Wright (2005) broadened the linguistic focus to incl

26、ude some pedagogical and sociolinguistic aspects of lecturing, such as setting, level of formality, participant roles, and lecture topics. _B. Most research on the lecture method has been conducted in a native- speaker context. _C. The role of vocabulary in mediating instruction has recently attract

27、ed the attention of applied linguists. _D. A number of studies have so far examined the ways information is presented in lectures; and recommendations for improving the study skills of native speakers have been proposed (e.g., North et al., 2000; Murphy, 2002; Hall, 2005). _ E. Lee (2006) has examin

28、ed function of definitions in science lectures. _ F. Only a few researchers have considered the special problems foreign students may have with lectures given in English (Ding, 1999; Young Richards and recommendations for improving the study skills of native speakers have been proposed ( North et al

29、., 2000; Murphy, 2002; Hall, 2005). F. Only a few researchers have considered the special problems foreign students may have with lectures given in English (Ding, 1999; Young Richards Thompson, 2005a; 2005b), resisting their instructors requests (Houser Zamel, 1983, 1985; see Krapels, 1990, for a su

30、rvey of L2 process studies) and into the discourse structures of L2 texts (Connor & Kaplan, 1987), questions still remain regarding the extent to which language proficiency interacts with and influences writing skill. 3. Slemenda, et al. (1997) have shown that a weak quadriceps muscle is associated

31、with a higher risk for knee osteoarthritis, suggesting indirect evidence that inactivity may be harmful to the joint. 59- 48 Author prominent: Attitude and tense (1) Note: 论文作者对所引用的前人研究成果的态度也影响动词时态的选择。如 果过去的成果非常重要，或者与作者正在从事的研究工作直接相关，论文作 者就会选择动词的现在时，否则，就用过去时。 1. Schmidt (1998) identified three types

32、of microcomputer use in classrooms: the object of a course, a support tool, and a means of providing instruction. Foster and Kleene (1998) cite four uses of microcomputers in vocational agriculture: drill and practice, tutorial, simulation and problem solving. 59- 49 Author prominent: Attitude and tense (2) 2. Similarly, a survey of L2 students taking university courses found that they identified vocabulary as a major factor that held them back in academic writing tasks (Leki & Carson, 1994). Laufer (1