分子细胞与组织：上皮组织

1、 Introduction of Histology & Epithelium Whats tissue? cells+intercellular matrix（细胞间质） How many tissues? 上皮组织: 被覆上皮、腺上皮 结缔组织：疏松、致密、脂肪、网状、骨、软骨、血液 肌肉组织：骨骼肌、心肌、平滑肌 神经组织 特征： How to observe a tissue? Fixed （固定） Dehydrated （脱水） Cleared （透明） Embedded （包埋） Cut （切片） Stained（染色）(e.g. HE stain) HE staining Hem

2、atoxylin Eosin nucleus blue CP & PM red basophilicacidophilic TEM SEM 血涂片血涂片 骨摩片骨摩片 Histochemistry methods 组织化学组织化学 Show certain chemical component via special chemical reaction e.g. PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff reaction) 过碘酸Schiff反应 多糖：紫红色 Immunohistochemistry mehtods 免疫组化 免疫荧光 Epithelia 上皮 (covering

3、E 被覆上皮，glandular E 腺上皮) 1 dense cells, less intercellular matrix（间质） 2 polarity 极性 3 basement membrane 基底膜 被覆上皮分类被覆上皮分类 依据上皮细胞的层数和细胞的形状分类 单层扁平上皮 simple squamous E 单层立方上皮 simple cuboidal E 单层柱状上皮 simple columnar E 假复层纤毛柱状上皮 peudostratified ciliated columnar E 复层扁平上皮 stratified squamous E 变移上皮 Transit

4、ional E Smple squamous epithelium 1）Endothelium 内皮 lining heart BV LV 2）Mesothelium 间皮 lining body cavities 3）others: lung ,kidney 脾脏外表面 肺泡内表面 肠系膜 肾小囊 Simple cuboidal epithelium located in thyroid, renal tubule, small bile duct. 甲状腺滤泡 肾小管 Uterine tube : simple ciliated columnar E Simple columnar epi

5、thelium located in stomach, intestines, utrus, oviduct. 杯状细胞 Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium located in respiratory tract 、epididymis (附睾） 支气管上皮 Stratified squamous epithelium Keratinized stratified : epidermis (表皮) Nonkeratizied: oral cavity , esophagus, anal, vagina Transitional E ur

6、inary tract Sweat duct : stratified cuboidal E Glandular epithelium Its main function is secretion gland duct acinus Exocrine Endocrine: ductless , hormone 腺上皮和腺体分类腺上皮和腺体分类 A Endocrne ,Paracrine (ductless) , Exocrine B Unicellular (goblet) , Multicellular C Merocrine (局浆局浆), Apocrine（顶浆顶浆), Holocrin

7、e （全浆）（全浆） (secreting style) D Serous , Mucous (products) E Simple , Compound (duct branch) F Acinar , Tubular ( shape of acini ) G Peptide-secreting, Protein-secreting (function) pancreas Secreting style of exocrine cell Merocrine no loss of cell parts eg. pancreas, mammary G Apocrine apical cytopl

8、asm shed off with products eg. mammary ) Holocrine whole cell shed off with product eg. sebaceous gland 皮脂腺 乳腺 Serous cell -watery secretion rich in proteins central round nucleus RER at base (basophilic ) developed Golgi complex (supranuclear 核上区) apical granules（顶端分泌颗粒） “protein-synthesizing and s

9、ecreting cells” （大量合成分泌蛋白） Mucous cell（粘液性细胞） mucin-secreting cells secretes mucus containing mucoprotein -rich in polysaccharides -viscous (rich in -OH groups) crowed with big mucous granules (pale in HE) basal flattened nucleus Somatostatin （生长抑素）cell in intestine basal G. cell（基底颗粒细胞）, paracrine

10、cell peptide-secreting cell protein- Specified structures epithelial cells Free surface cell coat 细胞衣 microvilli 微绒毛 cilia 纤毛 Lateral surface tight junction 紧密连接 (zonula occludens) intermediate junction 中间连接 (zunola adherens) desmosome 桥粒 (macula adherens) gap junction 缝隙连接 (communicating junctions)

11、 Basal surface basement membrane 基底膜 plasma membrane infolding 质膜内褶 hemidesmosome 半桥粒 Cell Coat ( glycocalyx 糖萼 ) Oligosaccharides chains on cell surface Associated with cell adhesion recognition (old cells/cancer cells alternated cell coat) messenger induction antigenecity (ability for Ab inducing)

12、 blood types A type: N- acetylgalactosamine ended B type: galactose ended Microvilli Abundant at intestine (纹状缘） and renal tubule（刷状缘） Fingerlike projections membrane+cytoplasm An actin filaments (MF) axis Increase cell surface cilia Up to 10 um long An axis of 9+2 MT structure Beating movement via

13、MT sliding motile Cilia immotile or primary cilia or“monocilium” one cilium one cell , no motor protein developed on sensory cells odor, light, sound, sodium Motile cilia & flagellum Monocilia on light cells of renal collecting tubule（集合小管） 紧密连接（封闭作用，屏障作用） Intermediate junction（中间连接） belt-like or in

14、 plaques, encircles the apical cell portion hold cells together Anchored by actin microfilaments Cadherins (钙黏着蛋白transmembrane protein) project into the intercellular space Desmosome（桥粒） Spotlike: similar to buttons Most strong:bear Interfilaments anchored Space contains desmogelins (桥粒芯蛋白) desmocol

15、lins (桥粒胶蛋白) tonofilament dense plaque intermediate line 天疱疮-抗桥粒芯蛋白抗体 Gap junction（缝隙连接） Numerous : neurons, cardiac muscles, epithelial cells. In groups, 6 连接蛋白 For cell communication messengers(e.g.cAMP) passing through Basement membrane（BM) lamina lucida + lamina densa contains Laminin, chondroitin sulfate, typeIV collagen Hemidesmosome: half desmosome Plasm Membrane Infoldings ion-transporting cell lo