英语词汇学教程参考答案

1、英语词汇学教程参考答案Chapter 11. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses o

2、n the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they lik

3、e, shut the door.(2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 oclock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting.3. (1) When it follows -t and -d, it is pronounced as id; (2) When it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as t; (3) When it follows voi

4、ced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as d.4. (1) They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”. (2) They represent the forms of the verb “fly” and have a common meaning. (3) They belong to a lexical field of “telephone communication”. (4) They are synonyms, related to huma

5、n visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of “looking”.5. (a) blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black); blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in color (the primary str

6、ess in on black); greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black);White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). (b) black board: any board which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); black bird: any bi

7、rd which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); grey hound: any hound that is grey in color (both words receive primary stress); white house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by

8、space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words.7. (a) The bull is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) Take the bull by the horn is an idiom, meaning (having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) Like a bull in a china shop is an idiom, meaning doing

9、 something with too much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone. (d) A bull market is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares in anticipation of profits.8. drinking vessels: cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bow

10、l, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for.Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowlBeer: beer glass, tankardWine: wineglass, gobletSpirits: sherry glassChapter 21. Lexeme is an abstract ling

11、uistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang, sung.Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language. For example, moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral+lize+er+s. Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a

12、 given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair, -ing, -s, etc.Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, t, d and id are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English.2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en, world-wide, inter-nation-al-l

13、y, in-ject, pro-trude3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry, reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert 4. (a) (b) -ai5. (1) -s, -s (2) -est, -s (3) -ing (4) -ed6. The connotations are as follows: (1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotatio

14、n that the speaker is speaking to a child, (3) beastie is used to a small animal in Scotland, carrying the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness.7. -m; - n; - n; -i: -s; -z; -iz8. court: polysemydart: polysemy fleet: hom

15、onymy jam: homonymy pad: homonymy steep: homonymy stem: homonymy stuff: polysemy watch: polysemy9. (1)(f), (2)(g), (3)(c), (4)(e), (5)(a), (6)(d), (7)(b)10. (1) unpractical (2) break (3) impractical (4) rout (5) pedals (6) Route (7) razeChapter 31. The history of English can be divided into four per

16、iods: the Old, Middle, Early middle and Modern English periods.In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as kennings, which refers to vivid figurative descriptions often involving compounds. The absence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords force people to rely more on wor

17、d-formation processes based on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number of loan translations. Grammatical relationships in Old English were expressed by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 dif

18、ferent lexical items.In Middle English period, English grammar and vocabulary changed greatly. In grammar, English changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of t

19、housands of words from French and Latin.In Early Modern English period, English vocabulary grew very fast through extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there was a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings.Modern English is characterized with three ma

20、in features of unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as New Englishes.2. “appeareth” in (a) becomes “appeared” in (b), and “dreame” becomes “dream”. The passive “were departed

21、” becomes the active “had gone”. With the change of word forms, (b) looks simple morphologically.3. barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: Frenchcadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latinginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanesewhisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latinalgebra:

22、 Arabic giraffe: African4. train: meaning changed from the trailing part of a gown to a wide range of extended meanings. deer: meaning narrowed from beast or animal to a particular kind of animalknight: meaning ameliorated from boy, manservant to a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knight

23、hoodmeat: meaning narrowed down from food to the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit. hose: meaning extended from leg covering to a long tube for carrying water. 5. sell: specialized hound: specializedstarve: specialized wife: specializedloaf: specialized6. American EnglishBritish E

24、nglishFall Autumn candysweetcornMaize semestertermapartmentflatDresser Dressing tableStreet carTram carChapter 41. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-ed un-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed2. book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, bookedforget: forgets, forgot, forgottenshort: s

25、hortter, shortestsnap: snaps, snapping, snappedtake: takes, taking, took, takengoose: geeseheavy: heavier, heaviest3. -ish: meaning having the nature of , likede-: meaning the opposite of-ify: meaning make, become-dom: means the state of il-(im-/in-): meaning the opposite of, not-able: meaning that

26、can or must bemis-: meaning wrongly or badly-sion(-tion):meaning the state/process of pre-: meaning prior to-ment: meaning the action ofre-: meaning againunder-: meaning not enough-al: meaning the process or state of4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “Adj + N” structure, in which ad

27、jectives are used to modify nouns line, line, neck, room. Hotline means a telephone number that people can call for information. Mainline means an important railway line between two cities. Redneck means a person from the southern US. Darkroom means a room with very little in it, used for developing

28、 photographs. b. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + N structure. Bookshelf means a shelf for keeping books. Breadbasket means a container for serving bread. Mailbox means a box for putting letters in when they delivered to a house. Wineglass means a glass for drinking wine. c. They a

29、re endocentric compounds. They have the “N + N structure. Letterhead means the head of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter). Roadside means the area at the side of a road. Keyhole means the hole in a lock for putting the key in. Hilltop means the top

30、 of a hill. d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means a person who leaves school before they have finished their studies. Go-between means a person who takes messages between people. Turnout means the number of people who come to an event. Standby means a person or thing that can always be use

31、d if needed. e. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “Adj + N-ed” structure, in which adjectives are used to modify the N-ed. f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + Adj” structure, meaning As Adj As N. 5. in-: not, the opposite ofen-: to put into the condition of dis-: not, t

32、he opposite ofun-: not, the opposite of inter-: between, amongmis-: wrongly or badlyover-: too muchre-: againpost-: after6. a. a young dog; pigletb. a female editor; hostessc. a place for booking tickets; refineryd. one who is kicked; traineee. the state of being put up; output7. unbelievable: un- (

33、prefix), -able (suffix)inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix)multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix)teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix)8. a. initialismb. blendingc. compoundingd. conversion9. a. compounding, affixationb. compounding, affixationc. compounding, shorteningd. compounding

34、, affixation10. a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissibleb. absorbent, assistant, different, participantc. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developerd. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockeryChapter 51. (a) connotation (b) formality (c) dialect (d) connotation2. waterrainwater, bri

35、ne, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, .3. (a) keeping (b) feeling of admiration or respect4. (a) hyponymy (b) meronymy5. (a) light beer, strong beer (b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee6. amateurdabbler, funnyridiculous, occupationprofession, smalllittle,

36、 famousrenowned, fictionfable, smellscent 7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine. Diagram refers to a simple drawing using lines to explain where

37、something is, how something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details. 8. (a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable (d) non-gradable, revers

38、ive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable9. (a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym (d) synonymy (e) meronymyChapter 61. 1) literal expression 2) idiom 3) literal expression 4) idiom 5) idiom 6) literal expression2. 1) die 2) something that makes a place less attractive 3) suddenly realize or understand someth

39、ing 4) make ones friends disappoint 5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important 6) react quickly so as to get an advantage3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc. 2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc 3) give some

40、thing to the person it belongs to 4) annoy 5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect 6) try to find out the facts about something 7) live under the rule of someone 8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc. 9) give someone a warning or secret information about somet

41、hingChapter 71. General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon, including meanings, pronunciations, usages, and histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword.2. They are different in that different media ar

42、e used. Print dictionaries do not use electric power and can be used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. .3. Open to discussion. 4. Open to discussion.5. (a) symbolise(b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or situ

43、ation; symbol for sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music(a) /simblik/ and /simba:lik/(b) represent(c) 2(d) Yes. We know that form the label VN and the examples. Chapter 81. vertically challengedshort sanitation engineergarbage colle

44、ctorethnic cleansing-genocideladies cloak roomwomens toilet2. (1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies disapproval while statesman implies approval. (2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect. (3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval, while praise implies approval.(4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval, scholar is neutral. 3. (1) buttocks buns (2) nonsense bullshit (3) prison can (4) cocaine coke4. (a).Turn off the lights, p