Lecture10ZhuangziSept29ChinesePhilosophyLectures杜兰大学中国哲学课堂教学PPT

1、Chuang Tzu/ Zhuangzi 庄子庄子 Schedule Life Relative and Absolute Happiness Knowledge (of Dao): Low level and High level Political philosophy: Liberty Life and Death Summary of Daoism Chuang Tzus life Real person, around the time of (but a bit later than) Mencius. The book is full of stories Comic p. 2,

2、 32 Story: Outer Chapters: The Flood of Autumn 11, 12 Relative happiness There are two levels of happiness: relative happiness and absolute happiness. Relative happiness can be achieved by free development of our natures What is of nature and what is of man -Following what of nature is the source of

3、 all happiness and goodness -Following what of man is the source of all pain and evil Begin from Ch.2 of Laozi, Action of Dao Two Birds Comic P.7 Inner Chapters,- Enjoyment in Untroubled Ease (Happy Excursion) 1 the Spirit-like man, none of merit; the Sagely-minded man, none of fame.” How can a man

4、become such a perfect man? Two levels of knowledge: Lower level and higher level Low level of knowledge Similar to Hui Shuis (惠施) theory of relativity For example: big and small, tall and short, destruction and construction, useless and useful (Again, Ch. 2 of Laozi) Clothes Comic P. 15 Inner Chapte

5、r, Enjoyment in Untroubled Ease, 5 Giant Gourd Comic pp. 8-9 Inner Chapter, Enjoyment in Untroubled Ease, 5 Relativity of Things “Things are ever subject to change and have many aspects and therefore many views can be held about one and the same thing.” P112, Fung Knowledge of high- level “Although

6、all things differ, they are alike in that they all constitute something and are good for something. They all equally from the Tao. Therefore from the view points of the Tao,things, though different, yet are united and become one.”P113, Fung Knowledge of high- level The Great One (or Tao or the Unive

7、rse) is unthinkable and inexpressible. A true sage lives within the Great One. The higher knowledge is “knowledge that is not knowledge”. Water and Dao Comic p. 45 Inner Chapters, The Great and Most Honoured Master: 6 Methodology of Mysticism “In order to be one with the Great One, the sage has to t

8、ranscend and forget the distinctions between things. The way to do this is to discard knowledge, and is the method used by the Taoists for achieving “sageliness within.” The task of knowledge is in the ordinary sense is to make distinctions; to know a things is to know the difference between it and

9、others. Therefore to discard knowledge means to forget these distinctions. Once all distinctions are forgotten, there remains only the undifferentiable one, which is the great whole. By achieving this condition, the sage may be said to have knowledge of another and higher level, which is called by t

10、he Taoists “knowledge which is not knowledge.”P116, Fung Forget Everything Inner Chapters: The Great and Most Honoured Master: 9 The difference between “having-no knowledge” and “having no- knowledge” The state of “having-no knowledge” is one of original ignorance, like children. The state of “havin

11、g no-knowledge” is one that comes only after one has passed through the stage of having knowledge. Chuang Tzus political and social philosophy Policy, law, etc.: Establish uniformity and suppress difference. “If one fails to leave people alone and tries to rule them with laws and institutions, the p

12、rocess is like putting a halter around a horses neck or a string through an oxs nose. Chuang Tzus political and social philosophy It is also like lengthening the legs of the duck or shortening those of the crane. What is natural and spontaneous is changes into something artificialits results can onl

13、y be misery and unhappiness.”P106-107, Fung The best way of governing is through non- government Life and Death “The Taoists maintained that the sage who has a complete understanding of the nature of things, thereby has no emotions. This, however, does not mean that he lacks sensibility.Rather it me

14、ans that he is not disturbed by the emotions, and enjoys what maybe called the peace of the soul.”（P109, Fung) The Death of Zhuangzis wife Outer Chapters, Perfect Enjoyment, 2. Self Physical Self Cognitive Self “Aesthetic Self”/ No Self Three stages of Taoism Yang Chu Lao-tzu Chuang-tzu Yang Chu Men

15、cius 7A:26: “Yang Tzu chooses egoism. Even if he could benefit the empire by pulling out one hair he would not do it” the preservation of life and avoiding of injury. Yang Chus method for so doing is to escape. Laozi Dao The action of Dao De as Baby Wu-Wei, Weakness, Not Compete Small State Dao “We

16、should have a full and free exercise of our natural ability, which is Te, which comes directly from TaoTe is what makes us what we are. We are happy when this Te or natural ability of ours is fully and freely exercised, that is, when our nature is fully and freely developed.”P105, Fung Zhuangzi Also believe in Dao, and develop further from Laozi on De as baby, Wu-Wei, Small