厌氧生物转化食物与绿色废弃物

1、biogas summit 沼气国际论坛 董仁杰董仁杰 dong renjiedong renjie 中国农业大学教授，国际合作与交流处处长中国农业大学教授，国际合作与交流处处长 生物质工程中心常务副主任，工学院能源工程与低碳技术研究室主任生物质工程中心常务副主任，工学院能源工程与低碳技术研究室主任 director of international relations,director of international relations, professor and executive director of biomass engineering center,professor and

2、 executive director of biomass engineering center, head of energy engineering and low carbon technology,head of energy engineering and low carbon technology, china agriculture universitychina agriculture university biogas production: energy or ecology? 2 能源是社会发展的最重要的基础能源是社会发展的最重要的基础 energy: the most

3、 important for development 中国生物能源在可再生能源中的地位中国生物能源在可再生能源中的地位 percentages of bioenergy in renewable energy 3 中国生物能源中各种形式的比例中国生物能源中各种形式的比例 biogas in bioenergy 4 户用沼气户用沼气 household biogas china is the international developed country on the world for rural ad construction, application and technical devel

4、opment 5 沼气池的效益沼气池的效益 energy value of household biogas reactors 北京市荣各庄村单一式沼气池，旺气期约3个月，日产气率0.1左右；弱 气期4个月左右，日产气率0.05左右。全年共产沼气约160立方米。【1】 北京市留民营生态村每年使用70吨煤为沼气工程加温，生产了相当于 200吨煤的炊事能力的沼气。【2】 户用沼气的建立对农村自然环境的影响不明显，但对农村居住环境、 生活环境的改善有明显有利的影响。【3】 household biogas reactors individually has the energy value to t

5、he households. however, it is not because of it energy value, but because of the ecological advantage. biogas is cleaner than any fuels in the rural area. for example, a household biogas reactor in beijing can generate 0.1 m3 biogas per day per m3 of reactor for 3 warmest months and 0.05 m3 of bioga

6、s per day per m3 of reactor for other 4 moderate warm months. household biogas helps big improvement of indoor environment. 6 【1】北京市农科院土肥所沼气室.办沼气的燃料、肥料效益试验研究报告. 【2】赵立军.京郊农村发展沼气工程对能源和环境的贡献及发展思路.中国沼气. 1998, 16 (3): 40-42 【3】陆慧, 刘三强.农村户用沼气对环境影响的分析与评价.安徽农业科学. 2007, 35( 14) : 4250- 4251 沼气池的能源效益？沼气池的能源效益

7、？ energy value of household biogas reactors? 能源替代效益存在显著差异性。不同的能源消费者对沼气的接受度从 大到小依次为：电力-液化气-煤炭和薪柴和秸秆消费者。 沼气在作为薪柴和秸秆的替代能源时，其经济效益是负值，这主要是 由于环境影响并不为消费者所感知。户用沼气利用对使用薪柴和秸秆 的低收入农村居民并不存在经济吸引力。【1】 even for the household biogas reactor, it is less attractive for the farmers if just think about the energy value

8、 because the farmers can use crop residues which is free. the ecology benefits are not evidently concerned by the rural residents at present. however if enough knowledge is extended to the farmers, they are more and more care about the health. 7 【1】刘叶志, 余飞虹. 户用沼气利用的能源替代效益评价.内蒙古农业大学学报(社会科学版). 2oo9, 1

9、1(4): 105-107 fuel/stove impact on pm2.5 pro-post-us epa? different places/regions 8 沼气池的定量环境效益沼气池的定量环境效益 ecological value of household biogas reactors 户用沼气对环境影响的综合评价指标值为2.4355，达中度有利影响；对 农村居民居住环境、生活条件的影响远大于对自然环境的影响。对农 村社会环境影响的综合评价指标数为2.16，达中度有利影响； 对自然环境影响的综合评价指标数为0.2755，为微弱有利影响。影响力 由弱到强依次为大气环境(0.06)

10、 或水资源(0.06) 、土地质量(0.14) 、动 植物资源(0.74) 。 对社会环境的影响由弱到强依次为农村居民的健康状况(0106) 、农村 居民的居住环境(0.31) 、农村居民的生活条件(0.63)。【1】 household biogas reactors ecological benefit is quantatively analyzed and categorized to have moderate impact on the environment, especially on indoor environment. 9 【1】陆慧.农村户用沼气对环境影响的指标体系与评

11、价.太阳能学报. 2007, 28(3): 340-344 沼气池发展面临的问题沼气池发展面临的问题 challenges for household biogas reactors 原料问题 农民的经济条件和愿望 为什么国家要进行补贴？为了能源，还是为了健康？ materials availability the wealth and desires of farmers why the government subsidize the construction of household biogas reactors? for energy? for health? 10 保护环境保护环境

12、 生产资源生产资源 ecology resources 中国沼气工程产业化进程中国沼气工程产业化进程 road map for biogas plants in china 农 民 用 能 环境保护与资源 利用 农 民 用 能 19602000 单户池型 批量建设 产业联合 household reactors, scaled number, small industry 农民用能 energy for farmers 环保护与资源 envir protection and resourcilization 可持续发展可持续发展 sustainable development 2010 沼气工

13、程 scaled biogas plant 商业化运营 commercialization petroleum crisisground water protectionghgs reduction single feedstockco-fermentation/chpcommercialization it control reference in the developed countries 11 dr. cao man, tianren company 大中型沼气工程定义大中型沼气工程定义 definition and evaluation of biogas plants 1.规划预

14、测的数量差别很大【1-5】 2.目前发展势头与规划差别很大【2、5】；实际统计数据差别大【3、5】 3.大中型沼气工程的分类国内有差别、国际上差别更大 1.planed and predicted numbers are differently made by different agencies or persons 2.current number is different from that predicted; even big difference in the current number 3.category definition is different inside chin

15、a and between domestic and international. 12 1 ny/t 667-2003. 沼气工程规模分类 s. 2003.5 2田芯. 大中型沼气工程的技术经济评价研究d. 北京化工大学，2007 3刘志强，蒋泰毅，彭爱华，等. 新型红外沼气成分快速检测方法研究j.可再生资源，2007，25（5） 4 李秀金. 新技术助推秸秆沼气产业化j. 科学时报,2008年2 月18日 5 中国农村能源行业2005年度发展报告r中国农村能源行业协会，中国农村能源行业协会，2006 畜禽场沼气工程畜禽场沼气工程 livestock farms ad 第一座养殖场沼气工程：

16、1982年成都凤凰山畜牧园艺场沼气工程。 我国已经制定完成和部分颁布实施了沼气工程规模分类、沼气 工程技术规范等近20项国家和行业标准。【1】 13 【1】胡启春, 祝其丽, 潘科,等. 畜禽养殖场沼气工程产业发展探析. 现代农业科技.2009.17: 253-255 【2】中国农业年鉴编辑委员会. 中国农业年鉴. 北京: 中国农业出版. 2008 【3】中国畜牧业年鉴编辑委员会. 中国畜牧业年鉴. 北京: 中国农业出版社. 2008 chengdu phoenix mountain livestock farm ad was firstly built in 1982. about 20 s

17、tandards and regulations are set up to guide the livestock farm ad construction, eg, biogas plants category, biogas plants technology guidelines and so on. 养殖场规模 scale of farms养殖场数量 farms/ 10k 沼气工程数量 ads/10k 覆盖率 ad/ % 大中型（生猪年出栏3000+）large-medium1.740.179.8 小型（生猪年出栏500-2999）small17.322.4914.4 专业户（生猪年

18、出栏50-499）household384.8938.5010.0 合计 total403.9541.1610.2 2007年畜禽养殖场沼气工程 livestock farm ads in 2007【2-3】 养殖场沼气工程的模式养殖场沼气工程的模式 livestock farms ad modules 中国在探索沼气工程的发展模式方面取得了很多经验，总结起来沼气 工程包括综合利用模式、沼气生态模式和达标排放模式，分别对应着 小型、中型和大型沼气工程。沼气工程的规模越大，越要重视对环境 的贡献或者影响。结论虽然是2004年得出的，但是至今仍然适用的是， 限制畜禽场沼气工程发展的主要问题仍然是基

19、建投资较高，一个万头 规模的猪场一次性基建投资在100 万元左右，除去运行成本，再考虑贷 款利息，靠沼气回收投资是多数养殖场承受不了的。另一个问题是沼 气出水浓度太高，以cod 计通常超过1000 mg/ m3 ，达不到排放标准。 大中型畜禽养殖场沼气工程参与市场的能力还很弱，需要政府投资政 策的支持。【1】 14 【1】华永新, 朱剑平. 大中型畜禽养殖场沼气工程模式及投资效益分析. 能源工程. 2004.2: 11-15 the main modules of biogas plants for livestock manure treatment are, 1)comprehensive

20、 module 2)biogas fuel and ecological module 3)clean discharge module. very interesting phenomena is the larger the plant, the more focus on ecological impacts/contribution of the biogas plants. without the support from the government, livestock farms could not afford to have ad. although some conclu

21、sions were driven in 2004 but i think they are still and even more reflecting the current situation for biogas plants in china: 1)the main restricting factor for livestock farm ad is high investment, which is as high as 1m yuan for a 10 m heads of pigs farm. 2)besides the investment, the biogas plan

22、ts digestate is still a pollution source for environment. the cod is higher than 1000 mg/ m3 and the n and p are not removed. 预处理单元预处理单元 pretreatmentpretreatment 厌氧消化单元厌氧消化单元 adad 沼气净化储存输送沼气净化储存输送 biogas cleaning, storage, distributionbiogas cleaning, storage, distribution 沼气利用单元沼气利用单元 biogas utiliz

23、ationbiogas utilization 沼渣沼液处理沼渣沼液处理 digestate treatmentdigestate treatment 15 dr. cao man, tianren company 沼气工程的基本组成沼气工程的基本组成 main components of one biogas plant 16 dr. norman scott, cornell university 奶牛发电场奶牛发电场-美国经验美国经验 dairy power-us experience 17 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 6/8/9812/25/987/1

24、3/991/29/008/16/003/4/019/20/014/8/0210/25/025/13/03 net sold to the grid electricity generated and net electricity sold to the grid at aa dairy per day (1998-2003) produced on farm -50 point moving average kwhr/day difference = energy used on the farm date 能源与环保并重能源与环保并重 energy and ecology: energy

25、first 中国的食品企业沼气工程：环保优先、能源效益显著中国的食品企业沼气工程：环保优先、能源效益显著 biogas in nanyang tianguan co. ltd: ecology first but outstanding energy output 18 秸秆的大规模厌氧处理：能源平衡、秸秆快速处理秸秆的大规模厌氧处理：能源平衡、秸秆快速处理 plant residue biogas plant: energy balanced and quick biomass fertilizer generated 19 沼气工程问题的根源：沼气工程的定位沼气工程问题的根源：沼气工程的定

26、位 core issue for ad: what is the role? 社会急需但是预期不合理 1)由于能源、肥料等效益，沼气工程可以盈利 2)由于原料充足，沼气工程可以大量建设 3)沼气工程本身就是环保工程，实现了减排和环境保护目标 业主不积极 1)沼气工程投资巨大，不具备经济性 2)周年稳定运行不能保障 3)不是完全的环保工程 导致产业界如下问题【1】 1)技术开发能力和产业体系薄弱 2)市场发育不健全，影响沼气工程综合效益 3)地方政策扶持及激励措施力度不够 20 【1】卢鑫, 宋伟平.规模化畜禽场沼气工程现状和发展趋势. 2008国际沼气学术研讨会暨产业化论坛. 212-215

27、critical needs with un-reasonable expectations: 1)economical because of energy and fertilizer benefits 2)available materials anywhere (causing planning problems) 3)ad is itself treating wastes so it is environmental protection facility for non-pollution discharge livestock farm owners not positive 1

28、)heavy investment and not economically attractive 2)not stably running year round 3)can not be thought in fact as non-pollution discharge resulted in the problems for ad industry【1】 1)weak industrialization, weak technology application 2)not well developed market for ad construction 3)not well desig

29、ned policy for ad promotion 沼液对环境的潜在污染：奶牛场厌氧出水（沼液）的特点沼液对环境的潜在污染：奶牛场厌氧出水（沼液）的特点 potential pollution to environment: digestate characteristics 总氨氮tan:1,200 2,500 mg/l 总固体ts:12,000 38,000 mg/l 总悬浮固体tss:6,000 28,000 mg/l 总磷tp:100 450 mg/l 钙ca: 600 1,400 mg/l 镁mg: 200 450 mg/l 酸碱度ph:7.7 8.1 21 厌氧发酵原料的可行性

30、厌氧发酵原料的可行性 availability of ad materials 除城市有机垃圾和工业有机污水外，中国另外三种主要沼气发酵原料 秸秆、畜禽养殖废弃物和农村居民有机废弃物约50亿吨。可为全国2.8 亿个沼气池提供足够的原料，超过2.5亿农户的总数量。【1】 但是原料总量充沛，不意味着均衡供应，也不意味着能源供应的充沛。 1）畜禽粪便占总原料量的90%以上，而其中的50%以上来自大中型养 殖场。大中型养殖场建设的沼气工程如果向农村居民供气，存在经济 性问题。 2）6亿吨秸秆是农民可以直接利用的厌氧发酵原料。但是一半以上的 秸秆直接用于农村炊事尤其是取暖，还有用作饲料和其他原料；真正

31、剩余的秸秆量不超过25%。 3）农村沼气池不可能为农村提供取暖的用能。 22 【1】李轶冰, 杨改河, 楚莉莉, 等.中国农村户用沼气主要发酵原料资源量的估算. 资源科学. 2009, 31(2):231-237 besides organic waste from cities and industries, the dominating organic materials for ad account for about 5 b tons. it averagely can be for the ad materials for 280 m household biogas reactor

32、s, which is more than the 250 m households in rural china. however, the “sufficient materials does not mean balanced availability. it neither means sufficient energy availability for the rural china. 1)livestock manure accounts for more than 90% of the ad materials. half is from scaled livestock far

33、m. there is economical feasibility problem for biogas distribution. 2)half of the 600 m tons of crop residues are used by farmers for heating and cooking, the other quarter is used for animal feed. only 25% is available. besides, biogas reactor for crop residues is not well developed. 3)biogas in ru

34、ral area is only for cooking, only enough for cooking when summer. 养殖场沼气能源意义不大养殖场沼气能源意义不大 question energy evidence of livestock farms ad 截止到2006年全国累计建设畜禽粪污沼气工程17475座，其中规模化沼 气工程5278处。年产沼气2.3亿m3，沼气发电总装机容量17.8mw，年 总发电量41.55gwh；用于集中供气的沼气工程占1.5%。绝大多数沼气 工程的沼气用做自身养殖场的能源。沼气工程大多数不盈利，但是对 周边具有公益性和社会效益，值得政府倡导和支

35、持。沼气工程建设投 资3000-5000元/m3沼气生产能力，或者20000-30000元/kw装机容量。 【1】 本调研报告并没有说明调研的方法学，很难说按照统计学的基本原理 进行现场调查和资料整理，很难判断沼气产量的可信度，因为绝大多 数沼气工程或者没有发酵温度控制设施，或者采用沼气或煤炭加温， 当采用沼气或者煤炭进行加温的时候，如果没有良好的保温，即使单 个沼气工程的能源效益也将受到强烈质疑。 23 【1】中国政府, 世界银行, 全球环境基金. 农林剩余物能源化利用技术及装备调研报告: 养殖场沼气发电行业技术装 备及产业化应用调查和评估报告. 2008.8: 第一页 there are

36、17475 biogas plants on livestock farms by 2006, including 5278 medium and large scale plants. 230 m m3 of biogas is claimed to be generated a year。more than 97.5% of the biogas plants are just producing biogas for on-site use as an alternative to coal. most of the biogas plants are not financially b

37、eneficial, but they are beneficial for local regions in terms of ecology. thats why biogas plant is still worthwhile the governmental support. the investment of a biogas plant is very high, accounting for 3000-5000 yuan /m3 of biogas production capacity or 20000-30000 yuan/kw of electricity installa

38、tion. in this report there is not clear identification of methodology. it is hard to convince us that the analyses are based on statistical fundamentals. for example we could not convince ourselves on the biogas generation. because most of biogas plants do not have temperature control facilities. 养殖

39、场建设沼气工程的动力养殖场建设沼气工程的动力 motivation for livestock farms to construct ad 养殖场建设沼气工程的动力更多地来自国家对环境保护力度的加强， 例如北京市从2004年即开始对规模化养殖场进行排污收费【1】，国家 也一直在讨论养殖场排污的控制问题。 the motivation of biogas plants construction is mainly from the pressure of environmental protection. the other driving factor is the subsidy from

40、the government. for example, beijing has started to charge the livestock farms on their polluting discharge. there is a national wide discussion on why, how, and how much to charge the livestock pollution. 24 【1】梁亚娟, 樊京春. 养殖场沼气工程经济分析. 可再生能源. 2004.3: 50-51 环境保护将是养殖场建设沼气工程的主要驱动力环境保护将是养殖场建设沼气工程的主要驱动力 m

41、otivation for livestock farms to construct ad 25 【1】梁亚娟, 樊京春. 养殖场沼气工程经济分析. 可再生能源. 2004.3: 50-51 沼气工程规模m310050010002000 固定资产万元35.45175.00263.20440.00 燃气成本元0.890.680.520.44 运行成本万元2.1916.1825.0041.70 折旧费万元1.708.4012.6321.12 收益万元4.9734.6269.45138.20 其中 供气收益3.0725.2050.40108.00 排污收费0.110.421.051.40 肥料及饲料

42、出售1.809.0018.0036.00 不同规模沼气工程的基本经济参数，折旧率为4.8% 【1】 economical analysis of biogas plants in beijing scale of biogas plant/m310050010002000 capital investment/10m yuan35.45175.00263.20440.00 fuel cost/ 10m yuan0.890.680.520.44 running cost/ 10m yuan2.1916.1825.0041.70 depreciation/ 10m yuan1.708.4012.6

43、321.12 income/ 10m yuan4.9734.6269.45138.20 incl: biogas/ 10m yuan3.0725.2050.40108.00 pollution reduction/ 10m yuan0.110.110.420.421.051.051.401.40 fertilizer/ 10m yuan1.809.0018.0036.00 生物能源政策生物能源政策 national policy on promotion of bioenergy production28 principals: no competition with food for peo

44、ple no competition with land for crops take into consideration limited energy resources ecological environment actions: new producers: non-food feedstocks current producers: switch to non-food feedstocks cellulose biomass-to-liquids (btl) 2021-5-1126dlg 生物质生物质能能中长期发展目标中长期发展目标 long-term goal for biom

45、ass energy 2021-5-1127dlg 年代 year200520102020 生物质发电 biomass power / m kw 25.530 非粮乙醇 non-food/feed ethanol / m ton 1.02210 生物柴油 biodiesel / m ton 0.050.22 生物燃气 biobased gases / g m3 7.061530 固体燃料 commercialized pellets / m ton /150 total estimated: 138.74 mtce (6.2%) , with gaseous fuel of 10.71 mtc

46、e (0.48%) the mineral fuel consumed in 2007 in china is about 2225 mtce planning non-mineral fuel to account for 15% by 2020. 沼气定位：能源与环保，环保优先沼气定位：能源与环保，环保优先 biogas position: energy and ecology, ecology first 政府必须对沼气工程和沼气池的建设和运行给以补贴； 业主必须尽到环境保护的责任，生产能源作为对于业主保护环境 的一种奖励； 环境保护部门负担起第三方核查的责任； 社会对业主进行环保监督。

47、 it is the duty for government to subsidize the biogas production; the owner should be responsible for non-pollution discharge. energy generated from this process is an award to the owner; environment protection authoritys duty is clear; whole society has the right. 2021-5-1128dlg 哪里有有机废物在污染环境，哪里有有机废物在污染环境， 哪里就应该有政府的资助去建设沼气工程哪里就应该有政府的资助去建设沼气工程 处理这些有机废物并保证达标排放。处理这些有机废物并保证达标排放。 where there is the organic waste, there should be the governmental responsibility to subsidize the bioga