[语言类考试复习资料大全]国际贸易 International Trade

1、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟。祝愿天下莘莘学子：学业有成，金榜题名！语言类考试复习资料大全国际贸易 International Trade国际贸易 International TradePART ONEQuestions 18 Look at the statements below and the five extracts about diminishing returns from an article. Which extract (A, B, C, D or E) does each statement (18) refer to? For each statement (18),

2、 make one letter (A, B, C, D or E) on your Answer Sheet. You will need to use some of these letters more than once. A.By constant returns to specialization we mean the units of resources required to produce a good (cocoa or rice) are assumed to remain constant no matter where one is on a countrys pr

3、oduction possibility frontier (PPF). Thus, we assumed that it always took Ghana 10 units of resources to produce one ton of cocoa.B.While 10 units of resources may be sufficient to increase Ghanas output of cocoa from 12 tons to 13 tons, 11 units of resources may be needed to increase output froml3

4、to 14 tons, 12 units of resources to increase output from 14 tons to 15 tons, and so on.C.For example, imagine that growing cocoa uses more land and less labor than growing rice, and that Ghana tries to transfer resources from rice production to cocoa production. The rice industry will release propo

5、rtionately too much labor and too little land for efficient cocoa production. To absorb the additional resources of labor and land, the cocoa industry will have to shift toward more labor-intensive methods of production.D.As a country tries to increase its output of a certain good, it is increasingl

6、y likely to draw on more marginal resources whose productivity is not as great as those initially employed. The result is that it requires ever more resources to produce an equal increase in output.E.Diminishing returns to specialization suggest that the gains from specialization are likely to be ex

7、hausted before specialization is complete. In reality, most countries do not specialize out, instead, produce a range of goods. However, the theory predicts that it is worthwhile to specialize until that point where the resulting gains from trade are outweighed by diminishing re turns.1. The effect

8、is that the efficiency with which the cocoa industry uses labor will decline, and returns will diminish.答案:C2. Diminishing returns show that it is not feasible for a country to specialize to the degree suggested by the simple Ricardian model outlined earlier.答案:E3. It is more realistic to assume dim

9、inishing returns for two reasons. First, not all resources are of the same quality.答案:D4. Diminishing returns to specialization occurs when more units of resources are required to produce each additional unit.答案:B5. A second reason for diminishing returns is that different goods use resources in dif

10、ferent proportions.答案:C6. However, it is more realistic to assume diminishing returns to specialization.答案:A7. Thus, the basic conclusion that unrestricted free trade is beneficial still holds, although because of diminishing returns, the gains may not be as great as suggested in the constant return

11、s case.答案:E8. The simple comparative advantage model developed above assumes constant returns to specialization.答案:APART TWOQuestions 914 Read the text about the international trade. Choose the best sentence to fill each of the gaps. For each gap (914), mark one letter (A-H) on your Answer Sheet. Do

12、 not use any letter more than once. What International Trade is about? International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories. In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). While international tr

13、ade has been present throughout much of history, 1 Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and out sourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. 2 Without inter national trade, nations would be limited to the goods and servic

14、es produced within their own borders. International trade is, in principle, not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not. 3 The reason is that a border typically i

15、mposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or culture. Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more

16、 mobile within a country than across countries. 4 and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of production. Trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production. Instead of importing a factor of production, 5 An example is the import o

17、f labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor, the United States imports goods that were produced with Chinese labor. One report in 2010 suggested that international trade was increased when a country hosted a network of immigrants, but the trade effect

18、was weakened when the immigrants became assimilated into their new country. International trade is also a branch of economics, which, 6 A. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade B. International trade allows us to expand our markets for both good

19、s and services C. its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries D. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization E. a country can import goods that make intensive use of that factor of production and thus embody it F. in which

20、 prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events G. together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics H. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services 1.答案:C2.答案:D3.答案:A4.答案:H5.答案:E6.答案:GPART THREE Questions

21、1520 Read the following article on the international trade. For each question (1520) mark one letter ( A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose. The great strength of the theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin is that they identify with precision the specific benefits of

22、 international trade. Common sense suggests that some international trade is beneficial. For example, nobody would suggest that Iceland should grow its own oranges. Iceland can benefit from trade by exchanging some of the products that it can pro duce at a low cost (fish) for some products that it c

23、annot produce at all (oranges). Thus, by engaging in international trade, Icelanders are able to add oranges to their diet of fish. The theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin go beyond this commonsense notion, however, to show why it is beneficial for a country to engage in international tr

24、ade even for products it is able to coproduce for itself. This is a difficult concept for people to grasp. For example, many people in the United States believe that American consumers should buy products produced in the United States by American companies whenever possible to help save American job

25、s from foreign corn petition. Such thinking apparently underlay a 2002 decision by President George W. Bush to protect American steel producers from competition from lower cost foreign producers. The same kind of nationalistic sentiments can be observed in many other countries. However, the theories

26、 of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin tell us that a countrys economy may gain if its citizens buy certain products from other nations that could be produced at home. The gains arise because international trade allows a country to specialize in the manufacture and ex port of products that can be p

27、roduced most efficiently in that country, while importing products that can be produced more efficiently in other countries. So it may make sense for the United States to specialize in the production and export of commercial jet aircraft, since the efficient production of commercial jet aircraft req

28、uires resources that are abundant in the United States, such as a highly skilled labor force and cutting-edge technological know-how. On the other hand, it may make sense for the United States to import textiles from China since the efficient production of textiles requires a relatively cheap labor

29、force and cheap labor is not abundant in the United States. Of course, this economic argument is often difficult for segments of a countrys population to accept. With their future threatened by imports, U. S. textile companies and their employees have tried hard to persuade the government to limit t

30、he importation of textiles by demanding quotas and tariffs. Although such import controls may benefit particular groups, such as textile businesses and their employees or unprofitable steel mills and their employees, the theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin suggest that such action hurts

31、the economy as a whole. Limits on imports are often in the interests of domestic producers, but not domestic consumers. 1. Why does the author offer an example of Iceland?A.To emphasize the great strength of the theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher- Ohlin.B.To explain the connotation of interna

32、tional trade.C.To prove the benefit of some international trade.D.To show the exchange of orange and fish in international trade.答案:C2. By the word underlay(line 12, paragraph l), the author means _.A.influencedB.determinedC.supportedD.accounted for答案:D3. What does nationalistic sentiments mean in t

33、he passage?A.Sentiments are held by the whole nation.B.People are patriotic towards their homeland.C.Consumers should buy products produced in their own country.D.Countries should not import products.答案:C4. What does this(line l, paragraph 3) refer to?A.United States should specialize in the product

34、ion and export of commercial jet aircraft.B.United States should import textiles from China for its cheap labor force.C.Consumers should buy products produced in their homeland to help save jobs.D.A countrys economy may gain if its citizens buy certain products from other nations that could be produ

35、ced at home.答案:D5. What does theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin suggest when a country limits its importation?A.It hurts the economy as a whole.B.It helps increase job opportunities.C.The international trade is not beneficial to the country.D.Domestic consumers are beneficial from limit

36、ing importation.答案:A6. Which is the main idea of the last paragraph?A.Persuasion of U. S. textile companiesB.The difficulty to accept theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin.C.Limits on imports.D.The influence of limits on imports.答案:DPART FOURQuestions 2130 Read the article below about the

37、specialization and international trade. Choose the correct word to fill each gap from A, B, C or D. For each question (2130), mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet. Specialization and International Trade The high 1 of specialization in our society increases the standard of living of al

38、l by making more goods and services available. But specialization necessarily implies trade and can not occur without it. This 2 from the fact that people usually want to have a 3 diet. The specialized producer uses only a small part-maybe none-of his own product for his personal 4 and he exchanges

39、his surplus for the goods and services of other specialized producers. The exchange of goods and services among residents of the same country is usually called 5 trade. Countries cannot live alone any more effectively than individuals can. Thus, each country tends to specialize in the production of

40、those commodities which it can produce relatively more 6 than other countries, exchanging its surplus for the 7 of other countries, of goods and services which they produce relatively more cheaply, or which the first country cannot produce at all. This process brings 8 an international division of l

41、abor which makes it possible to make more goods and services available to all countries. 9 the inter national division of labor and specialization increases the standard of living in all countries in the same way that the division of labor and specialization within a single, 10 economy increases the

42、 standard of living of all of its residents. 1.A.gradeB.levelC.degreeD.extent答案:C2.A.arisesB.followsC.differsD.gains答案:B3.A.healthyB.naturalC.balancedD.proper答案:C4.A.consumptionB.opinionC.habitD.need答案:A5.A.internationalB.borderC.domesticD.free答案:C6.A.attractivelyB.preciouslyC.rarelyD.cheaply答案:D7.A

43、.commoditiesB.deficitC.currencyD.surplus答案:D8.A.aboutB.forthC.outD.into答案:A9.A.ThereforeB.HoweverC.MoreoverD.Besides答案:A10.A.openB.closedC.prospectD.world答案:BPART FIVEQuestions 3140 Read the article below about the comparative advantage in international trade. For each question 3140, write one word

44、in CAPITAL LETTERS on your Answer Sheet. The Comparative Advantage In economics, the law of comparative advantage says that two 1 will both gain from trade if, in the absence of trade, they have different relative costs for producing the same goods. Even if one country is more efficient in the produ

45、ction of all goods 2 the other, both countries will still gain by trading with each other, as 3 as they have different relative efficiencies. For example, 4 using machinery, a worker in one country can produce both shoes and shirts 5 6 per hour, and a worker in a country with less machinery can prod

46、uce 6 2 shoes or 4 shirts in an hour, each country can gain from trade because their internal trade-offs between shoes and shirts are 7 The less-efficient country has a comparative ad vantage in shirts, so it 8 it more efficient to produce shirts and trade them to the more-efficient country for shoe

47、s. Without trade, its 9 per shoe was 2 shirts; by trading, its cost per shoe can reduce to as low as 1 shirt depending on how much trade occurs. The more- 10 country has a comparative advantage in shoes, so it can gain in efficiency by moving some workers from shirt-production to shoe-production and

48、 trading some shoes for shirts. Without trade, its cost to make a shirt was 1 shoe; by trading, its cost per shirt can go as low as 1/2 shoe depending on how much trade occurs. The net benefits to each country are called the gains from trade. 1.答案:COUNTRIES2.答案:THAN3.答案:LONG4.答案:IF5.答案:AT6.答案:EITHER7.答案:DIFFERENT8.答案:FINDS9.答案:COST10.答案:EFFICIENTPART SIXQuestions 4152 Read the text below from a report about sale contact. In most lines (4152), there is one extra word. It either is grammatically inco