高级英语pub-talk-and-the-king's-english中英笔记

1、精品好资料学习推荐L3. Pub Talk and the Kings English(酒吧闲谈与标准英语) Henry Fairlie (亨利费尔利)1. Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities.And it is an activity only of humans. However intricate the way in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the nam

2、e of conversation. 人类的一切活动中，闲谈是最具交际性的sociable（主题句），也是人类特有的。而动物之间的信息交流，无论其方式何等复杂intricate，也是称不上交际的。1. Anditisanactivityonlyofhumans.(para1)并且它是人类特有的一种活动。 AndconversationisanactivitywhichisfoundonlyamonghumanbeingSociablesobl adj.随和的，好交际的，友善的 friendly or agreeable,eapecially in an easy,informal way(用书

3、）intricate (adj) : hard to follow or understand because full of puzzling parts，details，or relationships错综复杂的；难以理解的，难懂的 Indulge: 任凭自己沉溺于；耽于to allow yourself to have or do sth that you like,eapecially sth that is considered bad for you -indulge in sth, indulge yourself. 例： Women do not indulge in to t

4、he same extent as men.deserve: 值得；应得2. The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. The enemy of good conversation is the person who has “something to say.”Conversation is not fo

5、r making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose. Suddenly they see the moment for one of their best anecdotes, but in a flash the con

6、versation has moved on and the opportunity is lost. They are ready to let it go. 2. 闲谈的引人入胜之处就在于它没有一个事先设定好的主题。它时而迂回meander前进，时而奔腾leap起伏，时而火花四射sparkle，时而热情洋溢glow，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。感觉“有话想说”的人是一个“完美闲谈”的最大敌人。闲谈不是为了争论，尽管争论常常是闲聊的一部分，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲谈之中是不存在什么输赢胜负（convince说服）的。事实上，真正的闲聊高手往往是随时准备让步（lose输掉）的。

7、他们也许会偶然间觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事anecdote选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼in a flash大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之丧失，他们也就听之任之了。meander: n. (比喻）proceed in an aimless way ; ramble漫谈，闲聊 例： The discussion meandered on for hours.讨论会漫无边际的进行了几个小时。make a point: explain fully what one is proposing.表明一种看法，证明一个论点例： All fight，youve made your point；now

8、keep quiet and let the others say what they think好啦，你已经把话说清楚了；那就别说了，让别人谈谈看法。 Conversationalist: n. 健谈的人Sparkle: v. be full of life and wit活力和才智换发。 She always sparkles at parties.在聚会上，他总是神采奕奕。Glow: glow with pride/joy/pleasure.Anecdote: nkdot n.奇闻轶事(关于真人真事的短小有趣的事）in a flash:suddenly，very quickly瞬间，非常

9、突然。 Without any delay例： Just wait hereIv be back in a flash就在这儿等我，我马上就回来。2. Conversationisnotformakingapoint.(para2)交谈并不是为了表明一种看法。 Conversationisnotforpersuadingotherstoacceptourideaorpointofview（说服 convincing, taking sb. over）3. Infact,thebestconversationalistsarethosewhoarepreparedtolose.(para2)实际

10、上，最好的交谈者，是那些准备输的人。Infactapersonwhoreallyenjoysandisskilledatconversationwillnotarguetowinorforceotherstoaccepthispointofviewmeander (v.) : wander aimlessly or idly；ramble漫步；闲逛 conversationalist (n.) : a person who converses；esp，one who enjoys and is skilled at conversation交谈者；(尤指)健谈者anecdote (n.) :

11、a short，entertaining account of some happening，usually personal or biographical轶事，逸事3. Perhaps it is because of my upbringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each others lives. They are companions, not intimates. The fact t

12、hat their marriages may be on the rocks, or that their love affairs have broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern. They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side by side with each other, did not delve into each others lives or the recesse

13、s of their thoughts and feelings.3.或许是从小混迹于(upbringing n. 培养，养育)英国小酒吧的缘故吧，我觉得酒馆里的闲聊是别有韵味的。酒馆里的朋友们对彼此的生活毫不了解（involve in 使牵扯到），他们只是临时的伙伴，相互之间并无深交（intimate密友，知己）。这些人之中，也许有人的婚姻面临破裂（on the rock婚姻的破坏），有人恋爱受挫，有人碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿（go out of bad on the wrong side），但这些都无关紧要。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手（musketeer火枪手）一样，虽然朝夕相处，却从

14、来不过问（delve 发掘）彼此的私事（recess私事），也不去打探别人内心的秘密。4. Barfriendsarenotdeeplyinvolvedineachotherslives.(para3)酒吧友人没有深层次地涉及彼此的生活。Peoplewhomeeteachotherforadrinkinthebarofapubarenotintimatefriendsfortheyarenotdeeplyabsorbedorengrossedineachotherslives（close friends密友）intimate (n.) : a close friend or companion

15、密友，知己 on the rocks :in or into a condition of ruin or catastrophe(婚姻)破坏的，失败的 例： Tims marriage is on the rocks提姆的婚姻亮起了红灯。delve (v.) : investigate for information；search发掘；调查(研究) recess (n.) : a secluded，withdrawn，or inner place幽深处get out the bed on the wrong side: to be cross or grouchy早晨起来便心情不好 Love

16、 affair: n a romantic sexual relationship,usually between two people who are not married to each other.4. It was on such an occasion the other evening, as the conversation moved desultorily here and there, from the most commonplace to thoughts of Jupiter, without any focus and with no need for one,

17、that suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place, and all at once there was a focus. I do not remember what made one of our companions say it she clearly had not come into the bar to say it, it was not something that was pressing on her mind but her remark fell quite naturally into the talk. 4.

18、有一天晚上的情形正是如此。当时人们正在漫无边际地东拉西扯，从最普通的家常琐事聊得有关木星的科学趣闻。完全没有一个特定的主题。可突然间中心话题奇迹般地出现了，大伙的话题都集中到了一处。我不记得其中一个伙伴的那句话是什么情况下说出来的 不过，显然她并没有特意地准备什么，那也算不上是什么非说不可的要紧话 那只不过是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。desultorily (adv.) : aimlessly；at random随意地；无目的地alchemy (n.) : an early form of chemistry，whose chief aims were to change base

19、r metals into gold：a method or power of transmutation; esp. the seemingly miraculous change of a thing into something better炼金术；变化物质的方法或魔力5. “Someone told me the other day that the phrase, the Kings English, was a term of criticism, that it means language which one should not properly use”5. “就在前几天，

20、有人告诉我说标准英语这个词是带贬义色彩的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。”6. The glow of the conversation burst intoflames. There were affirmations and protests and denials, and of course the promise, made in all such conversation, that we would look it up on the morning. That would settle it; but conversation does not need to be

21、 settled; it could still go ignorantly on. 6. 此语一出，谈话氛围立即热烈起来burst into flames。有人表示赞成affirmation，也有人怒斥protest，还有人则不以为然denial。最后，当然少不了像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，大家约好次日一早去查证一下。问题就这样解决settle了。不过，闲聊并不需要解决什么问题，大家仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。5. It could still go ignorantly on(para6)大伙仍旧可以糊里糊涂地扯下去。 The conversation could go on

22、without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.burst into: 突然进入（某种状态）flame: n.火焰affirmation: n.肯定，确认protest:n. 反对，抗议denials: 否定，拒绝接受7. It was an Australian who had given her such a definition of “the kings English,” which produced some rather tart remarks about what one could expect from the descend

23、ants of convicts. We had traveled in five minutes to Australia. Of course, there would be resistance to the Kings English in such a society. There is always resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for “English as it should be spoken.”7. 告诉她“标准英语”应做这种解释的原来是个

24、澳大利亚人。知道这个后，有些人便说起刻薄话来了，说什么囚犯的后代这样说倒也不足为奇。就这样，不到5分钟，大家便扯到了澳大利亚。在那个地方，“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。因为下层人民总是会抵制上流社会给“规范英语”制定的条条框框。tart(adj.) : sharp in taste；sour；acid辛辣的；尖酸的；刻薄的 lay down : to assert or declare; 声明，颁布 例：He had already clearly lain down his view in his opening speech.例： The regulations lay down a ri

25、gid procedure for checking safety equipment法令规定了一套严格的安检程序。 8. Look at the language barrier between the Saxon churls and their Norman conquerors. The conversation had swung from Australian convicts of the 19th century to the Englishpeasants of the 12th century. Who was right, who was wrong, did not m

26、atter. The conversation was on wings. 8. 想想撒克逊农民 (churl) 与征服他们的诺曼统治者之间的语言隔阂barrier吧。于是闲聊的主题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯 (convict) 转移到【swung（使）摇摆】了12世纪的应该农民 (peasant) 身上。谁对谁错，并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天地进行着。barrier: n. 屏障；妨碍 roadblockchurl (n.) : a farm laborer；peasant农民；庄稼人，乡下人 Conqueror: n. 征服者，占领者Swung: v. (使)摇摆convict (n.)

27、: a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court罪犯Peasant: n.农夫on wings : in flight；continually moving about像飞一样地，飘飘然 例： The birds are on wings in the sky鸟儿在空中展翅高飞。 She went home on wings.她高高兴兴地回家。9. Someone took one of the best known of examples, which is still always worth the reconside

28、ring. When we talk of meat on our tables we use French words; when we speak of the animals from which the meat comes we use Anglo Saxon words. It is a pig in its sty; it is pork (porc) on the table.They are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf).Chickens become poultry (poulet), and a

29、 calf becomes veal (veau ). Even if our menus were not written in French out of snobbery, the English we used in them would still be Norman English. What all this tells us is of a deep class rift in the culture of English after the Norman Conquest. 9. 有人举了一个众所周知但仍值得深思的例子。在谈到饭桌上的肉食时我们用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲

30、畜是则用盎格鲁-撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork（来自法语pore）；地里放养的牛叫cattle，而桌上吃的牛肉则叫beef（来自法语boeuf）；小鸡叫chicken，用作肉食则变成poultry（来自法语poulet）；calf（小牛）加工成肉则变成veal（来自法语vcau）。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语，我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了被诺曼人征服之后的英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。rift (n.) : an open break in a previously friendly relationship分裂；失和St

31、y: sties Ca place where pigs are kept=pigstyPoultry :n. hens,ducks,geese,turkeys,etc. Kept for eating or for their eggs;domestic fowls 家禽Veal: flesh of a calf used as meat（使用的）小牛肉6. Theyarecattleinthefields,butwesitdowntobeef(boeuf).(para9)地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则叫beef。 Theseanimalsarecalledcattlewhen

32、theyarealiveandfeedinginthefields; butwhenwesitdownatthetabletoeatWecalltheirmeatbeef10. The Saxon peasants who tilled the land and reared the animals could not afford the meat, which went to Norman tables. The peasants were allowed to eat the rabbits that scampered over their field and, since that

33、meat was cheap, the Norman lords of course turned up their noses at it. So rabbit is still rabbit on our tables, and not changed into some rendering of lapin. 10. 撒克逊农民peasant种地养殖rear牲畜，自己出产的肉自己却吃不上，全部送到了诺曼人的餐桌上。农民们只能吃在地里乱窜scamper的兔子。因为兔子的肉便宜，诺曼贵族自然不屑turn up ones noses at去吃它。因此，活兔子和兔子肉共用rabbit这个词表示，

34、而没有换成由法语lapin转化（rendering翻译）而来的某个词。scamper (v.) : run or go hurriedly or quickly (儿童及某些小动物)奔跑，蹦蹦跳跳例： The rabbit scampered away in fright.兔子惊慌地抛了rendering (n.) : a translation翻译turn up ones nose at : to sneer at，scorn嘲笑，轻蔑 例： The children turned up their noses at my home cooking孩子们嘲笑我的厨艺。 11. As we l

35、isten today to the arguments about bilingual education, we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language.There must have been a great deal of cultural humiliation felt

36、 by the English when they revolted under Saxon leaders like Hereward the Wake. “The kings English”-if the term had existed then-had become French. And here in America now, 900 years later, we are still the heirs to it. 11. 如今，当我们听着有关双语bilingual教育问题的争论时，我们应该设身处地into the shoes of替当时的撒克逊农民想一想，新的统治阶级rul

37、ing用法语来对抗撒克逊农民自己的语言，从而在农民周围筑起一道文化壁垒。当英国人在像觉醒者赫里沃德这样的撒克逊领袖领导下起来造反时，他们一定深深地感受到了文化上的屈辱humiliation。“标准英语”-如果那时候有这个名词的话-已经变成法语了。而九百年后我们在美国这个地方仍然继承了这种影响。bilingual (adj.) : of，in or using two languages(用)两种语言的in the shoes of : in anothers position站在别人的立场上，设身处地 例： Im glad Im not in his shoes with all those

38、debts to pay off我庆幸不用像他那样去偿还所有的债务。Heir :n. (to sth) 继承人7. ThenewrulingclasshadbuiltaculturalbarrieragainsthimbybuildingtheirFrenchagainsthisownlanguage.(para11) 新的统治阶级用法语来对抗其他语言，这样就建立起了对抗这些农民的文化壁垒。ThenewrulingclassbyusingFrenchinsteadofEnglishmadeitdifficultfortheEnglishtoacceptorabsorb合并thecultureo

39、ftherulers12. So the next morning, the conversation over, one looked it up. The phrase came into use some time in the 16th century. “Queens English” is found in Nashes “Strange News of the Intercepting of Certain Letters” in 1593, and in 1602, Dekker wrote of someone, “thouclipst the Kings English.”

40、Is the phrase in Shakespeare? That would be the confirmation that it was in general use. He uses it once, when Mistress Quickly in “The Merry Wives of Windsor” says of her master coming home in a rage, “here will be an old abusing of Gods patience and the Kings English,” and it rings true. 12. 那晚闲聊过

41、后的第二天一大早便有人去查阅了资料。这个名词在16世纪已有人使用过了。纳什作于1593年的截获intercept信函奇闻中就有过“标准英语”（Queens English）的提法。1602年德克写到某人时有句话说：“你thou把标准英语（Kings English）简化了”。莎士比亚作品中是否也出现过这一提法呢？如出现过，那就证明这个词在当时既已通用。他用过一次，在温莎的风流娘们中，女仆Quickly在讲到她家老爷回来后将会有的盛怒情形时说，“少不了一通臭骂，骂得昏天暗地，“标准英语”不知要给他糟蹋成个什么样子啦。”后来的事实果然被她说中了。intercept (v.) : seize or

42、stop on the way，before arrival at the intended place拦截；截断；截击。例： Reporters intercepted him as he tried to leave by the rear entrance.他想从后门溜走，记者把他截住了。abuse (v.) : use wrongly；use insulting，coarse or bad language；scold harshly滥用；辱骂，口出恶言 Thou:人称代词。汝，你。13. One could have expected that it would be about t

43、hen that the phrase would be coined. After five centuries of growth, of tussling with the French of the Normans and the Angevins and the Plantagenets and at last absorbing it, the conquered in the end conquering the conqueror, English had come royallyinto its own. 13. 我们有理由认为这个词就是那个时候产生（coin杜撰）的。经过前

44、后五百年的发展和与诺曼人、安茹王朝(Angevin)及金雀花王朝(Plantagenets)的法语的竞争，英语最终同化absorbing了法语。被统治者成了统治着，英语取得了国语的地位come into its own。coin (v.) : make up；devise；invent(a new word，phrase，etc)编造；杜撰(新词、新短语等) tussle (v.) : to fight or struggle without using any weapons，by pulling or pushing someone rather than hitting them. 斗争

45、，搏斗；竞争 词组Tussle with 例： He was tussling with the other e into ones own : to receive what properly belongs to one，espacclaim or recognition得到自己该得的东西，如荣誉或世人的口碑 Royally:adv. 像王族，庄严地8. Englishhadcomeroyallyintoitsown.(para13)英语取得了国语的地位。TheEnglishlanguagereceivedproperrecognitionandwasusedbytheKi

46、ngoncemore14. There was a Kings (or Queens)English to be proud of. The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelionclock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth. “The Kings English” was no longer a form of what would now be regarded as racial discrimination. 14. 这样便有了一种英国人值得引以为傲

47、的“标准英语”。伊丽莎白时代的人没费吹灰之力便使其影响日盛（multiplied（使）增加、相乘），遍及全球（blew吹）。“标准英语”再也不带有今天所谓的种族歧视racial discrimination的性质了。dandelion (n.) : any of several plants of the composite family，common lawn weeds with jagged leaves，often used as greens，and yellow flowers蒲公英(属) 15. Yet there had been something in the remark

48、 of the Australian. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes. One feels that even Mistress Quickly-a servant-is saying that Dr.Caius-her master-will lose his control and speak with the vigor of ordinary folk. If the Kings English is “English as

49、it should be spoken,” the claim is often mocked by the underlings, when they say with a jeer“English as it should be spoke.”The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there. 15. 不过，那个澳大利亚人的解释也有一定道理。下层阶级在使用这一名词时总带着一点轻蔑pejorative、讥讽facetious的味道。我们会发现，就连Quickly这样一个婢女（servant佣人）也会说她的主子凯厄斯大夫管不住自

50、己的舌头，而讲起平民百姓ordinary folk们所讲的那种粗话。如果说“标准英语”就是所谓“规范英语”，这种看法常常会受到下层人民的嘲笑mock讥讽jeer，他们有时故意开玩笑地把它称做“规反英语”。下层人民对于文华上的专制还是颇有（抵制rebellion反抗）心理的。pejorative (adj.) : disparaging or derogatory轻蔑的；贬低的 facetious (adj.) : (usu derog通常作贬义）joking or trying to be jocular，espat an imappropriate time滑稽的；诙谐的；(尤指在不适当的时

51、候)开玩笑的 例： a facetious young man 耍贫嘴的小伙子underling (n.) : a person in a subordinate position；inferior disparaging(通常作蔑词)下属；jeer: n. Jeering remark; taunt揶揄的言语；嘲讽；例： He ran off ,their jeers ringing in his ears.他一跑了之，耳边仍回响着他们的冷嘲热讽。mock: ( at sb/sth) make fun of,eap by mimicking him/it contemptuously; ri

52、dicule取笑（某人、某物）；尤其指模仿嘲弄，愚弄 mocking smile,voice ,laugh 嘲弄的微笑、声音、大笑9. Thephrasehasalwaysbeenusedalittlepejorativelyandevenfacetiouslybythelowerclasses.(para15)下层阶级使用这个短语时，常带有贬义，甚至讥讽的味道。Thephrase，theKingsEnglish，hasalwaysbeenuseddisrespectfully无礼地；不恭地andjokingly开玩笑地bythelowerclasses.（or:Theworkingpeopl

53、everyoftenmakefunoftheproperandformallanguageoftheeducatedpeople）10. Therebellionagainstaculturaldominanceisstillthere.(para15)对文化支配的对抗仍然存在。 Therestillexistsintheworkingpeople，asintheearlySaxonpeasants，aspiritofoppositiontotheculturalauthorityoftherulingclass.在劳动人民中仍然存在着，就像早期的撒克逊农民一样，反对统治阶级文化权威的精神。1

54、6. There is always a great danger, as Carlyle put it, that “words will harden into things for us.”Words are not themselves a reality, but only representations of it, and the Kings English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a class representation of reality. Perhaps it is worth trying to speak

55、 it, but it should not be laid down as an edict, and made immune to change from below. 16. 正如卡莱尔所说，“对我们来说，词语会变成具体harden的事物”是一种始终存在的危险。词语本身并不是现实，它不过是现实的一种反应形式representation而已。标准英语和诺曼人的盎格鲁法语的性质一样，也只是一个阶段用来表达现实的一种形式。让人们学着去讲也许不错，但既不应该把它作为法令edict，也不应该使它完全不接受immune来自下层的改变。edict (n.) : an official public p

56、roclamation or order issued by authority；decree法令；命令；布告 Immune：(adj.) : exempt from or protected against something disagreeable or harmful不受影响的；可避免的 harden: v. (cause sth to) become hare,strong,etc(使某物）变硬；变坚强，变鉴定11. There is always a great danger, as Carlyle put it, thatwords will harden into things

57、 for us. (para16) 正如卡莱尔提出的，“对我们而言，词语会变成具体的事物”，这始终会有极大的危险。 There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to representFor example，the word“dog”is a symbol representing a kind of animalWe mustnt regard the word“dog”as being th

58、e animal itself总是有一个很大的危险，我们可能会忘记，单词只是符号sign/mark，并把他们的东西，他们应该代表的话，例如，“狗”是一个象征，代表一种动物，我们不能把“狗”这个词本身作为动物本身。17. I have an unending love affair with dictionaries-Auden once said that all a writer needs is a pen, plenty of paper and “the best dictionaries he can afford”-but I agree with the person who said that dictionaries are instruments of com