外文翻译---无线传感器网络的实现及在农业上的应用

1、附录 外文文献原文、译文the realization of wireless sensor networks and applications in agriculture1 introductionwireless sensor networks (wireless sensor network, wsn) are deployed in the monitoring area by the large number of low-cost micro sensor nodes, wireless communication through the formation of a multi

2、-hop network self-organization. the aim is to perceive collaboration, collection and processing of network coverage in the perception of objects, and send observers. sensors, sensing object and the observer, constitute the three elements of the network. here that the sensor is not in the traditional

3、 sense of the simple perception of physical signals and the sensor into a digital signal, which is the sensor module, data processing module and wireless communication module integrated in a small physical unit, that is , enhanced features than many traditional sensors can not only be aware of envir

4、onmental information, but also data processing and wireless communication capabilities. with the built-in sensor nodes in a variety of sensors, where the environment can measure heat, infrared, sonar, radar and seismic signals and other signals to detect temperature, humidity, noise, light intensity

5、, pressure, soil composition, moving object the size, speed and direction, and so many physical phenomena of interest to us. wireless sensor network is a new mode of information acquisition and information processing. because of the shortage of water resources are at a considerable degree, plus 90%

6、of the waste, untreated sewage or handling standards for direct discharge of water pollution, water quality is lower than 11% of agricultural water supply standards. water is the lifeblood of agriculture, is the controlling element of the ecological environment, but it is also strategic economic res

7、ources, extraction of groundwater by pump irrigation of farmland, rational use of water resources, development of water supply, improve the ecological environment in china is currently accurate agriculture key, so use of irrigation water and energy supply in todays world is the general trend of tech

8、nological development.2 overview of wireless sensor networks2.1 the system architecture of wireless sensor networkswireless sensor network system architecture shown in figure 1, typically include sensor nodes, aggregation nodes and management nodes. clouds in the observation area sensor nodes in ord

9、er to constitute a network of self-organized manner. sensor node processing the collected information, the way to multi-hop relay the information transmitted to the sink node. then through the internet or mobile communication network and other channels to reach management node. end-users through the

10、 management of wireless sensor network node management and configuration, release monitoring tasks or collect return data.2.2 the characteristics of wireless sensor networks(1) self-organization. as the network and the network itself, the physical environment in which the unpredictability of factors

11、, such as: can not pre-set exact location of the node can not know in advance the relationship between the nodes adjacent to some nodes because of energy depletion or other causes of death, newnodes join and so on, make the network deployment and expansion without the need to rely on any of the defa

12、ult network infrastructure, layered protocol between nodes and distributed algorithms by coordinating their behavior, a node can quickly start automatically after the formation of a separatemulti-hop routing network.(2) multi-hop routing. limited communication distance of nodes in the network, the n

13、ode can only communicate directly with its neighbors, if beyond the range of its rf communication nodes, you need to be routed through intermediate nodes.(3) the spatial distribution of a large area, node density, the number is huge.(4) data-center. in wireless sensor networks, people usually only c

14、are about a region within a certain numerical observations, and not to the specific observations concerned a single node.(5) node capacity constraints. the energy of sensor nodes, processing power, storage capacity and communication ability and so is very limited. power energy restricted. as the min

15、iaturization of sensor nodes, node battery power is limited, and because physical constraints make it difficult for nodes to replace the battery, so battery power limitations of sensor nodes is the wireless sensor network design one of the most critical constraints, which directly determines the net

16、works worklife. computing and storage capacity is limited.bring low-cost micro sensor nodes weak processor, memory capacity of small features, so it can not perform complex calculations, and the traditional internet network protocols and algorithms on the relative maturity of wireless sensor network

17、s, too costly, difficult to use,must therefore be simple, effective protocols and algorithms, such as the zigbee protocol. communication is limited.typically, the energy consumption of wireless communication and communication distance d e the relation: e = kdn.where 2 n 4.n is usually taken as 3.2.3

18、 the shortcomings of wireless sensor networks(1) energy is limited. sensor nodes are usually powered by ordinary batteries or lithium batteries, the energy limited.in unattended environments, wireless sensor network applications is one of the bottlenecks.(2) node cost is higher. currently on the mar

19、ket price in thousands of sensor nodes over the wireless sensor network nodes need many, limiting promote the use of wireless sensor networks.(3) the poor security. as a result of wireless channel, distributed control technology, the network more vulnerable to passive eavesdropping, active intrusion

20、 and other attacks.(4) collaboration. individual sensor nodes are often unable to complete the target of measurement, tracking and recognition, while the number of sensor nodes need to exchange information through the algorithm on data obtained for processing, aggregation and filtering, the final re

21、sult.3 the current wireless sensor network applications in agricultureview of the water shortage and the demand for farmland irrigation, irrigation equipment under the existing conditions of application fields of crops, soil, water distribution, etc., for precise analysis of the current agricultural

22、 solved key technical problems, we propose a use ofwireless sensor network technology, suitable for large areas of agricultural land intelligent irrigation control.3.1 the system worksof scm system with multiple sensors on the humidity, temperature, rainfall, ph, water evaporation (wind speed) and a

23、ir temperature, and other information collection to achieve the precise automatic irrigation control field, the output of the signal information through a wireless full-dup lex public data transmission sent to the control center transceiver module (embedded systems) to determine whether to activate

24、the pump for the farm water supply, water supply or not, this same information sent by the gprs communication through the internet to remote control centers, remote monitoring, and some models by computer to process information, make a water supply plan.3.2 hardware design of wireless sensor network

25、swireless sensor network model is different from the traditional wireless network infrastructure, network, monitoring the region by a large number of sensor nodes randomly dispenser (the node), coordinated by the node and quickly set up their own communications network, under the principle of priori

26、ty for energy efficiency division of work tasks for monitoring regional information .self-organizing properties of the network when the node failure is reflected in the new node is added or when the network is capable of adaptive re-established to adjust the overall detection accuracy, give full pla

27、y to its advantages in resources, that is, each node in the network with data collected in addition both data forwarding function smulti-hop routing. wireless sensor networks composed of nodes in each category by the general data acquisition, data processing, data transmission and power the four par

28、ts. each of microcontroller hardware and software design are the same. the design of the study design was only for a single chip system. be monitored in the form of physical signals determines the type of sensor .embedded processors are often used cpu, such as the motorola companys 68hc16, c51 mcu a

29、nd so on. data transmission unit can be selected from low-power, short-range wireless communication modules, but considering the anti-theft and natural damage, the system chooses the larger power, transmission distance of sa68d21dl, farmers can be placed in the office or home, the main controller. f

30、igure 2 depicts the composition of the node, in which the direction of the arrow indicates that the data flow direction in the node.3.3 the main control systemin this system, the control network and internet hosts as the connection between the wireless sensor network protocol conversion gateway. the

31、 hardware used zhiyuan electronics mini arm embedded computer modules. miniisa series acquisition board structure using smart card, that card on the built-in mcu.mcu on the board on-board i / o ports control, to achieve i / o data buffer, thereby reducing the interface to the host board for mini isa

32、 dependence, saving the host data processing time, to ensure miniisa system more efficient operation. mcu board can also collect data or output data for further processing. system schematic shown in figure 3.3.4 design of the remote control system is mainlygprs communication system, gprs and interne

33、t network access system, the monitoring center console-friendly interface display control system. this part of the hardware can be applied to existing mobile telecommunications companies and internet resources, software and professional capabilities to consider the cost of independent development, t

34、he proposed application of the existing remote software, such as ball remote control software, remote monitoring equipment co., ltd. in hunan province the rc-2000 remote control software visualization system.concluding remarksthis paper reviews the nodes of wireless sensor networks, characteristics,

35、 and current applications in agriculture, research-based embedded systems, intelligent wide are a of farmland out of the water supply system, water is detected field information to continue through the automatic control electric water pump to start, and realized the remote gprs communications, pc, t

36、o learn through the health system and over which it controlled, automatic acquisition of soil information to determine whether to activate the pump from the line for the farm water supply, which is in line with chinas rural areasbasic national conditions. the system is simple, click on the system tr

37、ansformation, can be designed courtyard automatic water supply systems, automatic water supply system and a garden greenhouse automatic water supply system, so the scalability of the system is better, relatively broad prospects.todays wireless sensor network as a new hotspot in the field of informat

38、ion, involving inter disciplinary. with the reduced cost sensors and related solutions to continuous optimization problems, such as power consumption and data fusion algorithm is more small, node localization algorithm in continuous improvement, and more advanced wireless rf module, wireless sensor

39、networks will be more in agriculture wide range of applications.1 microcontroller features of the development of technology scm has been there since, scm technology has gone through nearly 20 years of development journey. throughout the past 20 years of scm exhibition history we can see that the scm

40、 technology to the development of the microprocessor (mpu) technology and ultra-large-scale integrated circuit technology for the exhibition for the pilot to pull a wide range of applications, showing more personality than the microprocessor trend of development： scm long life here said the long-lif

41、e, on the one hand refers to the development of scm products can be stable and reliable work 10, 20, on the other hand refers to the microprocessor compared to the long life. with the rapid development of semiconductor technology, mpu replacement faster, to 386,486,586 as the representative of the m

42、pu, within a very short time to be out of bureau, and the traditional microcontroller as 68 hc05, 8051, and so has been 15 years of age, the output is still rising. this is from its application to the corresponding areas of adaptation, on the other hand is due to such cpu as the core, integrated wit

43、h more i / o functions scm module of the new series emerging. it is expected that the successful listing of the relatively young core cpu, also with the i / o modules of the rich, have a long life cycle. new types of joining the cpu, the scm team has grown to the user brings more choice. 8, 16, 32-b

44、it microcontroller common development this is the current scm technology development trends of the other. for a long time, single - machine technology is the development of eight-oriented. as mobile communication, network technology, multimedia technology, and other high-tech products access to fami

45、ly, 32-bit microcontroller applications have been developed by leaps and bounds. 以motorola motorola 68k for the cpu to the 32 of the 97 scm august sales of 10 million. that because of the past eight scm function is growing, more and cheaper 32-bit machine, 16 scm living space is limited, and 16-bit

46、microcontrollers from the development of both varieties and production, in recent years have substantially more。 of growth scm faster development in the mpu demonstrated by the faster clock frequency is increasing as the hallmark.the scm is different, to enhance scm anti-disturbance capacity, lower

47、noise and lower clock frequency without sacrifice scm offerings computing speed is the pursuit of technological development.8051 mcu with some manufacturers to improve the internal when the mcu sequence, without raising the clock frequency of conditions, to raise a lot faster, motorola mcu is used s

48、uo ring of technology or internal frequency technology to the internal bus speed significantly higher than the frequency of the clock generator. 68hc08 microcontroller to 4.9 m with external and internal clock oscillator of 32 m, and 32-bit microcontroller series m68k the use of 32 k external oscill

49、ator frequencies up to 16 mhz internal clock above. low-voltage and low power consumption since the mid-1980s, nmos technology scm gradually replace the cmos process, the power to 1.5、1.2、0.8、0.5、0.35 dropped substantially, with the ultra-large-scale integrated circuit technology from 3 m of develop

50、ment to 1.5,1.2,0.8,0.5,0.35。and the realization of nearly 0.2 m technology, all designed so that static clock frequency from dc to several trillion optional, so that power consumption declining motorola recently introduced optional m. core in the 1.8 v voltage to 50 m/48mips work at full speed, pow

51、er is about 20mw。 20mw. almost all the scm has wait, stop, and other power-saving operation mode. allowing the use of the power supply voltage range increasingly wide. general scm can be three to 6 v work within the framework of the battery-powered scm is no longer the need for power - regulators ta

52、ke measures. scm low-voltage power supply has been lower limit of 2.7 v to 2.2 v, 1.8v. 0.9v the single 0.9v power supply machine has come out. low noise and high technology to improve the reliability of the system mcu-electromagnetic interference ability, so that products can adapt to the adverse f

53、or the environment, to meet higher standards of electromagnetic compatibility requirements, the scm businessmen in the internal circuits to scm a number of new technical measures. ns such as national semiconductors internal cop8 scm increased anti-emi circuit, and strengthened watchdog performance.

54、motorola also introduced a low-noise ln series of scm. otp and mask otp is a one-time written into the scm. scm past that a product is put into operation mask of maturity as the hallmark of the scm. as we need to mask the production cycle, while otp-decline singlechip prices, making in recent years

55、the use of direct otp completed the final product manufacturers more popular. it compared to mask a short production cycle, the small risk characteristics. in recent years, otp type of microcontroller to be significantly higher, to meet this demand in many microcontroller used in the film programmin

56、g (in system programming). otp programming of the chip can be technical or die bonding surface paste technology, welding in the first printing plate, and then leads through the mcu on the programming line, serial data, such as on-chip clock line machine programming. resolved the bulk write otp chip

57、vulnerable to the chip and into contact with bad problems. so that the bare otp tablets are widely used to reduce the cost of the product. programming line with the i / o line sharing, not to increase the additional pin microcontroller. some manufacturers have introduced the scm no longer mask type,

58、 for all the isp functions of the otp. otp mtp to mtp is the challenge for multiple programming mean. some manufacturers to scm mtp performance, otp price launched the scm, such as atmel avr microcontroller, on-chip using flash, for multiple programming. winbonds production company and 8051-compatib

59、le microcontroller also adopted the mtp performance, otp price. these are the use of the isp scm technologies, such as installation printed circuit board at a later time to download2 a wide selection of scm scm motorola motorola is the worlds largest manufacturers of scm. all varieties, choice, new products many of its features, there are eight of 68 hc05 and upgrading of products 68 hc08, 68hc05 have more than 30 series, more than 200 varieties, production