新托福IBT词汇分类突破

1、UNIT001 Basic building materials include: timber, mud, stone, marble, brick, tile, steel, and cement concrete. Masonry walls are built with stones or bricks, cohered through the use of mortar, first composed of lime and sand. The profusion of aluminum and its anodized coating provided cladding mater

2、ial that is lightweight and virtually maintenance free. Glass was known in prehistory and is celebrated for its contributions to Gothic architecture. Vocabulary: 1. timber 2. marble 3. tile 4. cement 5. masonry wall 6. cohere 7. mortar 8. lime 9. profusion 10. aluminum 11. anodized coating 12. cladd

3、ing 13. celebrated 14. G othic 15. architecture UNIT002 Two basic approaches to spanning over masonry walls are post-and-lintel construction and arch, vault, and dome construction. Vocabulary: 1. span 2. post-and-lintel 3. arch 4. vault 5. dome UNIT003 The Chicago architect Louis Sullivan s career c

4、onverges with the so-called Chicago School of Architects, whose challenge was to invent the skyscraper or high-rise building, facilitated by the introduction of the electric elevator and the abundance of steel. The building s skeleton could be erected quickly and the remaining components hung on it

5、to complete it, an immense advantage for high-rise buildings on busy city street. Vocabulary: 1. architect 2. converge 3. school 4. skyscraper 5. facilitate 6. electric elevator 7. abundance 8. skeleton 9. erect 10. component 11. i mmense UNIT004 Interior design of apartments and houses, that is, dw

6、ellings, usually involve both practical and aesthetic decisions. Choices have to be made for almost every element, ceilings and lamps, curtains and blinds, corridor and doorway, niches and ledges, grate and ventilations, terraces and staircases, even sewers or drainers. Sometimes such designs are ex

7、tended to be the fa? ade of the building, and even to a fountain, or a gardening yard. 1. interior design 2. dwelling 3. involve 4. aesthetic 5. ceiling 6. lamp 7. curtain 8. blind 9. corridor 10. d oorway 11. n iche 12. l edge 13. grate 14. ventilation 15. terrace 16. staircase 17. sewer 18. d rain

8、er 19. f a?ade 20. f ountain 21. yard UNIT005 The lease is a contract of rent under which one party, called landlord or lessor, grants possession and use of the property for a limited term to the other party, who is called tenant or lessee. 1. lease 2. rent 3. landlord 4. lessor 5. grant 6. possessi

9、on 7. property 8. tenant 9. lessee UNIT006 with large A big city, or a metropolis, is often accompanied by suburbs. Such cities are usually associated metropolitan areas and urban sprawl, creating amount of business commuters. Once a city sprawls far enough to reach another city, this region can be

10、deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. 1. metropolis 2. suburb 3. be associated with 4. metropolitan 5. urban 6. sprawl 7. commuter 8. deem 9. conurbation 10. m egalopolis UNIT007 Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazards of wastes, either physical, microbiological,

11、 biological or chemical agents of disease, which include human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, sullage, greywater), etc. hygienic means of prevention can be practiced by using simple technologies (e.g. latrines, septic tanks), or by personal hygiene practices. 1. sanitat

12、ion 2. hygienic 3. microbiological 4. agent 5. feces 6. domestic 7. sullage 8. greywater 9. latrine 10. septic tank 11. p ersonal hygiene practice UNIT008 A public utility (usually just utility) is a company that maintains and provides the infrastructure for a public service. Although utilities can

13、be privately owned or publicly owned, they often involve natural monopolies. 1. public utility 2. infrastructure 3. privately owned 4. publicly owned 5. monopoly UNIT009 The field of transport has several aspects, infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Infrastructure includes the transport networ

14、ks (roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals, pipelines, etc.) that are used, as well as the nodes or terminals (such as airports, railway stations, bus stations and seaports). Vehicles traveling on the networks include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains and aircrafts. The operations deal with

15、the way the vehicles are operated on the network, and the procedures set for this purpose including the legal environment (laws, codes, regulations, etc.). Policies, such as how to finance the system (for example, the use of tolls or gasoline taxes) may be considered part of the operations. 1. vehic

16、le 2. operation 3. canal 4. pipeline 5. node 6. terminal 7. seaport 8. law 9. code 10. regulation 11. toll 12. gasoline UNIT010 Rail transport is the conveyance of passengers and goods by means of wheeled vehicles specially designed to run along railway or railroads. Typical railway tracks consist o

17、f two parallel rails, normally made of steel, secured to crossbeams, termed ties. The ties maintain constant distance between the two rails, a measurement known as “gauge ”of the track. To maintain the alignment of the track, it is either laid on a bed of ballast or else secured to a solid concrete

18、foundation. Rail transport is an energy-efficient and capital-intensive component of logistics, in contrast, a traditional wagon can carry no more than several tons of freight. 1. rail transport 2. conveyance 3. by means of 4. consist of 5. secure to 6. crossbeam 7. tie 8. gauge 9. alignment 10. b a

19、llast 11. concrete 12. energy-efficient 13. capital-intensive 14. l ogistics 15. w agon 16. f reight UNIT011 Developments in technology have eroded some of the natural monopoly aspects of traditional public utilities. For instance, electricity generation, electricity retailing, telecommunication and

20、 postal service have become competitive in some countries, and the trend towards liberalization, deregulation and privatization of public utilities is growing, but the network infrastructure used to distribute most utility products and services has remained largely monopolistic. 1. erode 2. retailin

21、g 3. postal service 4. competitive 5. trend 6. liberalization 7. deregulation 8. privatization 9. infrastructure 10. d istribute 11. m onopolistic UNIT012 An aspiring master would have to pass through the career chain from apprentice to journeyman before he/she could be elected to become a master cr

22、aftsman. He/She would then have to produce a sum of money and amasterpiece before he/she could actually join the guide. 1. aspiring 2. mater 3. pass through 4. apprentice 5. journeyman 6. masterpiece 7. actually 8. guide UNIT013 A craftsperson who perhaps has at first sold craft items only to friend

23、s or at local bazaars may find that increased demand leads to a wider clientele and sales by rail order, at craft fairs, or through a shop. 1. craft 2. bazaar 3. clientele 4. fair UNIT014 There is a fine line of distinction between crafts produced by amateur hobbyists for their personal satisfaction

24、s and those made by gifted artisans with a view toward the use and enjoyment of others. 1. fine 2. distinction 3. amateur hobbyist 4. artisan UNIT015 Fabric weaving involves interlacing warp and weft. The yarn threads of warp are arranged parallel to one another and held in tension on a loom, while

25、the single thread wefts pass over or under the warp threads to create a solid or patterned piece of cloths. To create larger pieces, a treadle loom is usually needed. 1. fabric weaving 2. involve 3. interlace 4. warp 5. weft 6. yarn thread 7. parallel 8. tension 9. loom 10. solid 11. treadle loom UN

26、IT016 Basketry is the craft of making baskets and bags, mats, rugs, and other items through weaving, plaiting, and coiling techniques, using materials such as reed, cane, rush, sisal, fiber, ash-wood splints, and ropes twisted from strands of hemp. 1. basketry 2. mat 3. rug 4. plait 5. coil 6. reed

27、7. cane 8. rush 9. sisal 10. fiber 11. ash-wood 12. splint 13. twist 14. strand 15. h emp UNIT017 In ornamental knotting, cotton, linen, or jute cord is used to make bags, wall hangings, and containers. 1. ornamental 2. knotting 3. cotton 4. linen 5. jute cord 6. wall hanging UNIT018 In quilting, three layers of fabric (a decorative top layer, filler, and a liner) are stitched or tied together. 1. quilt 2. quilting 3. layer 4. decorativ