人教版九年级英语第十三单元知识点总结doc资料

1、 精品文档一单词人教版九年级英语第十三单元知识点总结unit13.were trying to save the manatees!litter bottom fisherman coal ugly advantage cost wooden plastic takeaway bin shark fin cruelharmful be harmful to at the top of chain the food chain ecosystem industry law scientific takepart in afford turn off reusable pay for take a

2、ction transportation recycle napkin throw away putsth to good use pull.down upside gate bottle president inspiration iron work metal bring backcreativity二1.现在进行时定义：表示说话时（瞬间）正在进行的动作，也表示目前或现阶段一直进行的动作。结构: 肯定句: 主语 + am/is/are + v-ing 否定句: 主语 + am/is/are + not + v-ing 疑问句: am/is/are + 主语 + v-ing用法：1）表示说话

3、时正在进行的，目前正在发生的动作。 look! the big bird is flying away. he is watching a movie now.2）表示目前一段时间内正在进行，但说话时可能没有进行的动作。right now i am studying chinese by distance learning. 我现在正通过远程教育学习汉语。1) 2)常带有表示目前时刻的时间副词, 如：now, right now, at the (very) moment, for the timebeing, at present, these days 及 look! listen! .3

4、）与 always, constantly, forever, all the time等副词连用，表示动作反复或习惯。此时句子常含有说话者的强烈情感在内。表达较强的“责备”或“表扬”之意 you are always changing your mind. 你总是主意不定。(太烦人了) he is always helping others.他总是帮助别人。(他真是个好人)4）对于 come, go, leave, arrive, start,fly,drive等表示位置移动的动词常可用进行时态表将来。 he is leaving on wednesday. mary isnt here a

5、t the moment. she is coming later.2. used to do 见第四单元及 use 用法3. 被动语态 见第五单元精品文档 精品文档注意：接双宾语的词的被动语态；make /let /have sb do 的被动语态；see/ hear /notice /find/observe sb do 的被动语态；it s said/reported/believed/supposed/well-known；及无被动语态的三种情况（感官动词、不及物动词、sell/write 等）4. 现在完成时:用法：过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果：强调结果yesterday i

6、 finished my homework, thats to say, i have finished my homework now.过去已经开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态：强调继续i have lived here since 1990.现在完成时的构成 have/has+过去分词现在完成时的四个基本句型肯定句he has finished the work.he has not finished the work.what has he done?一般疑问句has he finished the work?否定句两回答 yes ,he has. no, he hasnt.特殊疑问句在下

7、列情形下用现在完成时1 九词语already 已经 肯定句中或句尾 i have already found my pen. = i have found my pen already.yet 已经 否定句和疑问句句尾 i have not finished the work yet.have you bought a computer yet?ever 曾经 句中 have you ever seen pandas?never 从不 句中 i have never been to beijing.just 刚刚 句中 i have just done my work.before 以前 句尾

8、 i have never been there before.so far 到目前为止 so far he has learned 200 words.how long 多久 how long have you lived here?how many times 多少次 how many times has he been to beijing?2 两词组精品文档 精品文档havegone to 去了某地 例：he has gone to beijing (去了北京，没回)havebeen to 去过某地 例：he has been to beijing. (去过北京，回了)3 两结构luc

9、y has been in beijing since 3 yearsago.since +过去时态句子 he has been in china since he camehere.4 如果句子里面没有时间状语，汉语意思能够加“已经”，往往用现在完成时态。have you lost your library book? 你已经弄丢了从图书馆借的那本书吗？5 现在完成时态还常常用于下列句型they have planted many treesin the last/past few years.this is the best book i have ever read.it is the

10、first time i have played the computer games.在现在完成时中，一次性动词不能和一段时间状语连用例：he has bought the book for 3 years.（错）因 buy 这个一次性动词不能和一段时间 for 3 years 连用, 改正的办法有：he has bought the book.(去掉一段时间 for 3 years)he bought the book 3 years ago(改为一般过去时，使句子的意思不变)its/it has been 3 years since he bought the book. = 3 yea

11、rs has passed since he bought the book.（改为固定句型 it is/it has been -since-）he has had the book for 3 years.（用延续性动词 have 代替 buy）另外精品文档 精品文档come/arrive/get to/reach be herei have come here for 3 years.（错）leave/go be away改为：i have been here for 3 years.改为：he has been away for 3 hours.he has left for 3 ho

12、urs.（错）begin/start be onthe film has begun for 3 minutes.（错）open be open / close be closedthe shop has opened for 3 years.(错)die be dead改为：the film has been on for 3 minutes.改为：the shop has been open for 3 years.改为：his father has been dead for 3 years.改为：the work has been over for 3 dayshis father h

13、as died for 3 years.(错)finish/end be overhe has finished the work for 3 days.(错)join i have joined the army for 3 years.（错）改为：i have been in the army for 3 years. 或 i have been a soldier for 3 years.buy /catch havei have bought the bike for 3 years.（错）he has caught a cold for 3 days.（错）borrow keep改为

14、：i have had the bike for 3 years.改为：he has had a cold for 3 days.改为：i have kept the book for 3 years.marry be marriedi have borrowed the book for 3 years. （错）还有其它的归纳如下：break be brokenbecome beget up be uplose be lost5. 情态动词1) 情态动词本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气，但不能单独作谓语，只能与其他动词构成谓语。常见的有：can (could), may (mi

15、ght), must, need, shall (should), will(would)等。精品文档 精品文档2) 情态动词无人称和数的变化, 后接动词原形。否定式是在情态动词后面加not。个别情态动词有过去式形式, 也可用来表达更加客气、委婉的语气。1.can 和 could 的用法(1)can/could 表示“能力；许可；可能性”等。could 为 can 的过去式。如：can i use your bike?(2)can 用在疑问句中，表示征求意见、请求许可，答语仍用 can; could 用在疑问句中，比can 更委婉、客气，是一种礼貌的说法，并不表示过去时态，答语用can，而不能

16、用 could。如：could you tell me the way to the zoo?sorry. i cant. im new here。注意 can 和 could 只能用于现在时和过去时两种时态，将来时中用 be able to。另外，cant可表示否定推测。如：that _ be mr wang. he has gone to beijing。2.may 和 might 的用法may/might 意为“可以”，表示同意、许可或请求对方许可，也可表示祝愿。may 的否定形式为 may not。might 是 may 的过去式，有两种用法：一种表示过去式；一种表示虚拟语气，使语气更

17、加委婉、客气，或表示可能性更小。以 may 开头的一般疑问句，其否定回答用 mustnt, 而不用 may not。如：_ i use your pen? 我可以用你用的钢笔吗？you may put on more clothes. may you be happy!might i borrow some money now?he might be alive.3.must 的用法must 意为“必须，一定，准是”，表示说话人认为有必要做某事，或命令、要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。否定形式 mustnt, 表示“不得”，“一定不要”。如：i _ finish my work today。y

18、ou mustnt drive after drinking。(1)must 与 have to 的区别： must 表示说话人的主观意愿；have to 表示客观需要。如：i must do my homework first。it is raining hard outside; i _ stay at home。(2)回答由 must 引导的疑问句的提问肯定回答：yes, must. 如：must i go home now? yes, you must.否定回答：no，neednt./no，dont/doesnt have to.must i go home now? no, you

19、_ _.(3)must 表示对事物的推测，意为“想必；一定”，只用于肯定句中；表“推测”时，情态精品文档 精品文档动词与动词原形，(常为 be 动词)连用，如：the man must be our teacher。4.need 的用法(1)need 表示“需要，必须”，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。其否定形式为 neednt，表示“没有必要，不必”；对由 need 构成的疑问句进行回答时，其肯定回答用 must，否定回答用neednt。如need we do some cleaning now?yes, you must. no, you neednt.(2)need 还可作实义动词，常用于下列

20、结构：need to do sth“需要做某事”。如 i need to learn more.need doing “某物需要被做”=need to be done。如：my hair needs cutting. =my hair needs to be cut.need +名词或代词。如：all living things need water.5.shall 和 should 的用法shall 用于第一人称的句子中，表示提建议或请求； should 用于各种人称的句子中，强调义务或责任，意为“应该”。 如：_ we go out for a walk?you should study

21、hard at school。should have done 主要有两个用法：用于推测过去已经发生的情况。如：he should have arrived by now.用于指本该发生而实际上未发生的情况。如：you should have told me so before.6.will 和 would 的用法will 用于第二人称疑问句时，表示征求意见或提建议； would 为 will 的过去式，可用于多种人称，表示意愿。如：will you have a little soup?would have done 主要有两个用法：表“猜测过去”i guess the poet would

22、 have been about twenty when she wrote her first poem.表“过去本会发生，而实际并未发生”，没有责备之意。i would have written before but i have been ill.本来我是会写信的，但是由于我生病了。精品文档 精品文档（用来说明某一情况，没有责备之意）7.have tohave to 的陈述句形式肯定式：have to + 动词原形 i have to tidy my room.我得整理房间.否定式：dont (doesnt) + have to + 动词原形 you dont have to go if

23、 you dont want to.have to 的一般疑问句形式及简略答语have to 的一般疑问形式必须借助助动词 do 或 does：do you have to look after your sister? yes,i do./ no,i dont.have to 的特殊疑问句形式 what do you have to do on sundays?have to 可用于各种时态a、一般现在时：i have to visit mr wang.b、一般过去时：that night we had to walk home because there was no bus.c、一般将来

24、时：well have to ask zhang ming instead.d、与 may 连用：i think he may have to help his dad in the garden.8.ought toought to 的肯定式 应当, 应该you dont look well. you ought to go to see the doctor.ought to 的否定式和疑问式ought to 的否定形式是 ought 后直接加 not 构成，其否定形式可缩写为 oughtnt。one ought not (oughtnt) to cross the street agai

25、nst the red light.ought to 的疑问式是将 ought 提到句首构成。ought we to do it at once? yes, you ought to.he ought to be here now, shouldnt (oughtnt) he?“ought to + have + done”表示过去应做某事而实际未做you ought to have told me that (but you didnt).这时 ought to 和 should 可以互换使用。精品文档 精品文档三1.litter/rubbish/garbage/wastegarbage 和

26、 rubbish 含义相同，garbage 美国英语，而 rubbish 英国英语。这两个词词义较为具体，指必须及时清除的剩余物，比如厨房里的垃圾，生活垃圾等等。litter 指公共场所丢弃的小片/块垃圾，如纸片、塑料袋、易拉罐、饮料瓶等。waste 作名词用时可表“废物”的总称。另：waste time in doing sth2.at the bottom of 在.底部/at the top of 在.顶部he shouted at the top of his voice in order that he might be heard.3.advantage1). have the (

27、an) advantage over (of) 优于，比占有优势。如：you have the advantage over (of) me in experience. 你经验比我丰富。有时用动词 gain, get 等。如：they gained an advantage over the enemy. 他们比敌人占优势。2). take advantage of=make (full) use of(1) 利用(机会、时机等)。they took advantage of the fine weather to play tennis.(2) 利用(某人的处境、弱点等)。he alway

28、s took full advantage of the mistakes made by his rivals.(3) 欺骗(某人)，捉弄(某人)，占(某人的)便宜。he has always been taking advantage of me.3). to sbs advantage 对某人有利。it will be to your advantage to study abroad.4.四个花费句型5.be harmful to=do harm tosmoking is harmful to the health.= smoking does harm to your health6

29、.四个参加辨析7.afford to do sth担负得起干某事 常与 can, could, be able to 连用he told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.他告诉我公司无法支付如此巨额的工资。精品文档 精品文档8.turn 短语turn in 归还 you must turn in your equipment before you leave the army. turn on 打开 couldyou turn on the light, please？turn off 关掉（煤气，水，电

30、，收音机，电视机等） dont forgetto turn off the light when you leave. turn up 出现，到达 开大音量 he promised to comebut hasnt turned up yet. i can t hear the radio very well; could you turn it up a bit ？turn down关小 拒绝 can you turn the tv down? i m trying to get some sleep. he tried to join thearmy but was turned down

31、 because of poor health.turn out (to be) +adj./n.证明是，结果是theexperiment turned out to be a great success. turn into 把变成，译成 turn the followingsentences into chinese, please. turn to 翻到，求助于 1)please turn to page10. 2)the childturned to his mother for comfort.turn over 翻身，翻转 she turned over and went to s

32、leep.9.throw away 扔掉,丢弃 错过(机会、优势或好处)he threw away the old sofa. dont throw away this opportunity.10.workwork n.工作；（音乐、艺术）作品；工厂 v. 工作he has much work to do.(u)the man gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.（做“作品”讲，为可数名词，但常用复数）the glass works is/are near the station.玻璃厂在车站附近。（做“工厂”讲，只用复

33、数形式，但谓语动词单复均可）英语中有些名词，单复数形式意义有差别。manner 方式，方法 manners 礼貌，礼仪 arm 胳膊water 水 waters 海水，水域 wood 木头11.bring back 归还； 使想起arms 武器woods 森林these books must be brought back within a weekyour article brought back sad memories for me.bring up：抚养长大 bring in：引进 bring forward：提出 bring about：带来，造成12.inspiration n i

34、nspire v 激励13.try to do =try ones best to do 努力去做某事。every student should try to study hard in order to study in a university.14.be related to 与有关 i am not related to him in any way. 我和他无任何关系。精品文档 精品文档15. play a part in doing sth 在方面起作用a good diet plays a large part in helping people live longer.16.t

35、urn into(使)变成 joan is turning into quite a skilled musician.译成 please turn this into english.17. make a difference (to) 表示(对)产生影响或作用 the new teacher always encourageslittle tom. this has made a big difference to him.18. no longer 意思是“不再”有两个短语和 no longer 同义，即 notany longer 和 notany more，但他们侧重的方面不同。no

36、 longer 和 notany longer 侧重时间。e.g. he no longer lives here.= he doesnt live here any longer.他不在这儿居住了。(一个时间以前他住在这儿，过了这个时间，他就离开了。)notany more =no more 侧重侧重程度和数量you can drink no more. = you cant drink any more.你不能再喝了。(喝酒的量到了一定程度，不能再继续下去了。)19.not onlybut also“不仅而且”;其中的 also 有时可以省略。若连接两个成分作主语，其谓语通常与靠近的主语保

37、持一致。not only you but also he has to leave. 不只是你，他也得离开。not only 放在句首，后接句子时要用倒装结构。not only did my aunt teach at school, but (also) she wrote articles for newspapers.20.the number of.的数量，谓语用原形 a number of.大量的，谓语用单三当表示数值的高或低时，number 要用 high 或 low 修饰。in that country, the number of children going to schoo

38、l is higher in cities than in towns and village.在那个国家，城市儿童入学人数比乡镇及农村要高。常与 number 搭配的动词有 grow, fall等。精品文档 精品文档the number of families that own cars has been growing quickly recently.近来拥有轿车的家庭数量增长很快。21.put sth. to good u好se好利用22.build/make . out用of建造/制造he built a model ship out of w他oo用d.木头造了个模型船。23.th

39、e top of the house is an old boat turned upside down.turned upside down意为“被翻转过来的；被颠倒过来的”，做后置定语修饰 boat。24.be made of和 be made from25.be known for因而著名 be known as作为而著名be known to对于某人来说是著名的26.bring sb/sth back to使l复if活e ，给以活力;27. rethink, reuse, recycle !re-是最常用的前缀之一 re-表示以下三方面的意义：1)表示“回”或“向后”的意思。retur

40、n（回来）recal（l 回忆，召回）retrac（t 缩回，取回）2)表示“再”、“重新”、“重复”的意思。rethin（k 再思考）reuse（再运用）restar（t 重新开始）recycl（e 再利用）3)表示“相反”、“反对”的意思。rebel（反叛，谋反）reverse（反转，颠倒）resis（t 反抗，抵抗）28. she is a most unusual woman.un-前缀，第一，表示否定意义。第二，表示“反动作”。即“相反的动作”。uncomfortable不舒服的 unending无尽的 unfortunate不幸的 unusual不平常的 unkind不仁慈的 un

41、bind解开，释放 uncover揭开的盖子 unearth由地下掘出 unbutton 解开钮扣29.-iv是e 形容词后缀 一般表示有.的.create -ive = creative30.recent-ly = recentl形y 容词加 ly变副词31.amy is an inspirati灵on感()n.to us all.后缀-tion附在动词后面构成名词精品文档 精品文档1)当单词最后是 t, d, te, de 时，变名词加 tion 或者 ation, ition；2)当单词最后是元音字母时，变名词加 sion 等。32. cut down 砍倒，减少 the little

42、boy cut down the young tree with an axethe doctor told me to cut down smoking and drinking.cut up 切碎cut off 切断，停止33.especially be full of noise/air/water pollution o. cause the problem write to sbclean up used to dotoo much/too many/much too close downplay a part in cut downinstead of+doing

43、 make a difference around here=near here lead to idea for doing sthsolve the problems take the+交通工具 help/work 起作用 remember to do/doinghear of /about/from be harmful to the food chain the whole +n=all +n be in danger=beendangered fall by over 90 percent (increase by 是增加了多少 increase to 是增加至多少)inthe last 20 yearsbegin with sth add upstop to do/doing take action pulldown setup way to do