专业英语八级英语语言学知识-2

1、 专业英语八级英语语言学知识-2(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：40，分数：100.00)1.which of the following is not correct?a. polysemy is the phenomenon that the same one word may have more than one meaning.b. homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.c. hyponymy refers to

2、 the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a morespecific word.d. antonymy is used for the sameness or close similarity of meaning.（分数：2.50）a.b.c.d. 解析：a项 polysemy一词多义现象表示同一个词有多个意义；b项 homonymy同形异义关系指某些词的意义不同，但是具有相同形式的现象，即不同的词在发音或拼写上一样，或发音拼写都一样；c项 hyponymy(下义关系)是指一个更广义、更具有包容性

3、的词与一个更具体的词之间的意义关系。d项 antonymy(反义关系)指意义上的对立，而不是意义上的相同或相近(synonymy)。2.bow(v.)and bow (n.) are _.a. homophones b. homographsc. complete homonyms d. partial homonyms（分数：2.50）a.b. c.d.解析：“bow”(v.)and“bow”(n.)，发音不同，是homographs(同形异义词)；比较 piece和 peace，拼写不同，是 homophones(同音异义词)。3.scale (v.) and scale (n.) are

4、 _.a. homophones b. homographsc. complete homonyms d. partial homonyms（分数：2.50）a.b.c. d.解析：“scale”(v.)表示“称重、攀登”等意，“scale”(n.)表示“天平，规模”等意，而两词的发音和拼写都相同，故为同形异义词。4.which of the following is correct?a. superordinate is the word more specific in meaning.b. hyponym is the word more general in meaning. c. c

5、o-hyponyms are the hyponyms of the same superordinate.d. flower is the co-hyponym ofrose, morning glory, carmination.（分数：2.50）a.b.c. d.解析：superordinate上义词是指更广泛的词；hyponym下义词为具体的词；同一个上义词的几个下义词之间互为 co-hyponyms并列下义词。“flower”是上义词，“rose”，“morning glory”，“carmination”是并列下义词。5.x: johns bike needs repairing.

6、y: john has a bike.the relationship of x and y is _.a. synonymous b. inconsistent c. x entailing y d. x presupposing y（分数：2.50）a.b.c.d. 解析：“john 的自行车需要修理”的前提是“他有自行车”，两句是预设、前提关系。6.according to the componential analysis, the words boy and man differ in the feature ofa. human b. animate c. male d. adul

7、t（分数：2.50）a.b.c.d. 解析：男孩和男人的主要区别是男孩是孩子，男人是成人。他们都是“人，有生命的，男性”。7.according to predication analysis, the predications of tom hates soup. and it is cool. arerespectively _ and _.a. no-place predication, two-place predicationb. two-place predication, one-place predicationc. two-place predication, no-plac

8、e predicationd. no-place predication, one-place predication（分数：2.50）a.b.c. d.解析：根据述谓结构中的变元(argument)数量，述谓结构可分为双位述谓结构(含两个变元)、单位述谓结构(含一个变元)和空位述谓结构(不含变元)。tom hates soup中有两个名词性成分 tom和 soup，为该结构 的逻辑参与者，为双位述谓结构；it is cool中包含非人称代词 it不能看作是一个变元，故为空位述谓结构。8.which of the following statement concerning context i

9、s not correct?a. it was first noted by the british linguist john firth.b. it is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.c. it determines the speakers use of language and also the hearers interpretation of what issaid to him.d. it is essential to the

10、syntactic study of language.（分数：2.50）a.b.c.d. 解析：语境这个概念由英国语言学家 john firth最先提出，一般认为它是由言者和听者的共享知识构成，它决定着言者对语言的运用和听者对他所听到话语的理解，它对语言的语用研究(而非句法研究)来说是必不可少的。9.which of the following is not correct?a. the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized.b. the meaning of an utterance is concrete and c

11、ontext-dependent.c. the meaning of a sentence is based on utterance meaning.d. utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situationof communication or simply in a context.（分数：2.50）a.b.c. d.解析：句子的意思是抽象的、非语境化的，而话语的意义却是具体的、依赖于语境的。话语的意义是基于句子意义之上的；它是一个句子的抽象意义在一个真

12、实的交际场合或仅在一个语境中的体现。10.speech act theory was originated with _.a. saussure b. bloomfield c. austin d. firth（分数：2.50）a.b.c. d.解析：言语行为理论是 20世纪 50年代后期英国哲学家 john austin首先提出的。瑞士语言学家 ferdinandde saussure是现代语言学之父，著有 course in general linguistics；行为主义者 bloomfield借助行为主义心理学定义了语言形式的意义。英国语言学家 john firth提出了语境这个概念。

13、11.according to austin, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speakingexcept _.a. locutionary act b. illocutionary actc. perlocutionary act d. imperlocutionary act （分数：2.50）a.b.c.d. 解析：英国哲学家 john austin的言语行为理论将言语行为分为言内、言外和言后三种行为。12.you have left the window wide open. which of

14、the following is the illocutionary act performedby the speaker?a. the speaker intends to ask someone to close the window or make a complaint.b. the hearer closes the window.c. the speaker intends to express what the words literally mean.d. none of the above.（分数：2.50）a. b.c.d.解析：言内行为指说话这一行为的本身，使用音位、词

15、汇、句法来表达字面意义的行为；言外行为指表达说话者交流目的或意图的行为；而言后行为指通过某些话实施的行为，或讲某些话所导致的行为，实际上是话语所产生的后果或者所引起的变化。本题选 a。13.how many categories do speech acts fall into according to john searle?a. three. b. four c. five d. six（分数：2.50）a.b.c. d.解析：searle区分的五类分别是：representatives(阐述类)，directives(指令类)，commissives(承诺类)，expressives(表

16、达类)，declarations(宣告类)。14.which of the following is the typical case of commissives?a. believing. b. ordering. c. promising. d. congratulating.（分数：2.50）a.b.c. d.解析：承诺类是那些言者对未来行为过程做出承诺的言外行为，即在说话的时候，言者将自己置于某种义务中；允诺(promising)，保证(undertaking)，发誓(vowing)都是最典型的例子。15.which of the following is the specific

17、instance of directives?a. swearing. b. suggesting. c. undertaking. d. apologizing. （分数：2.50）a.b. c.d.解析：指令类是言者让听者做某事的企图。邀请 inviting，建议suggesting，要求 requesting，忠告 advising，警告 warning，威胁 threatening，命令 ordering是其例。16.how many maxims are under grices cp?a. two. b. three. c. four. d. five.（分数：2.50）a.b.c

18、. d.解析：美国哲学家 grice提出会话的合作原则具体体现为：数量准则、质量准则、关联准则、方式准则。17.a: what do you think of james?b: a fine day, isnt it?in the dialogue, bs answer flouts which of the four maxims of cp?a. the maxim of quality. b. the maxim of quantity.c. the maxim of manner. d. the maxim of relation.（分数：2.50）a.b.c.d. 解析：根据关联准则

19、，说话要贴切。本题对话中 b选项的回答显然是答非所问，违反了上述的关联准则。18.a: shall we get something for the kids?b: yes. but i veto i-c-e-c-r-e-a-m.in the dialogue, bs answer flouts which of the four maxims of cp?a. the maxim of quality. b. the maxim of quantity.c. the maxim of manner. d. the maxim of relation.（分数：2.50）a.b.c. d.解析：

20、根据方式准则，说话要避免晦涩、歧义的词语，说话简要，要有条理。本题对话中双方都知道 b选项对 icecream一词没有发音困难，故违反了方式准则。19.what essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of _.a. reference b. meaning c. antonymy d. context （分数：2.50）a.b.c.d. 解析：区分语义学和语用学的重要标志是语境，即上下文。20.the _ century is considered to be the beginning of mode

21、m english.a. 20 b. 19 c. 18 d. 17thththth（分数：2.50）a.b.c. d.解析：18世纪被认为是现代英语的开始。公元 4501100年为古英语时期；14世纪15世纪为中世纪英语时期；16世纪17世纪为早期现代英语时期；18世纪20世纪为现代英语时期；最近 50年为当代英语时期。21.which of the following does not belong to the methods of the addition of new words?a. acronyms. b. back-formation. c. functional shift d

22、. semantic shift.（分数：2.50）a.b.c.d. 解析：新词的添加主要通过以下几种方式：coinage创新词，clipped words缩略词，blending紧缩词，acronyms词首字母缩略词，back-formation逆构词法，functional shift功能转换，borrowing借用。semantic shift属于词义的变化。22.fridge is a _ and b2b is _.a. blend, clipped word b. clipped word, acronymc. back-formation, loan word d. acronym

23、, coined word（分数：2.50）a.b. c.d.解析：fridge是较长的词 refrigerator的缩写，是缩略词(clipped word)；b2b是由几个词business-to-business的首字母构成的词，是词首字母缩略词 acronym。23.the following words are the examples for back-formation except _.a. to hawk b. to baby-sit c. to bug d. to beg（分数：2.50）a. b.c. d.解析：back-formation是逆构词法，通过“去掉”一个被认

24、为是旧词的一部分的词缀而创造出的新词被称为“逆构词”，如：edit(from editor)，hawk(from hawker)，beg(from beggar)，baby-sit(baby-sitter)等。单词可以不通过加词缀就从一个词类转到另一个词类，如：名词 bug可通过功能转换(functional shift)生成动词 to bug。24.the following words are the examples for blending except _.a. brunch b. smog c. motel d. gym（分数：2.50）a.b.c.d. 解析：紧缩词 blend是

25、通过组合其他词某些部分而构成的词，如：smog(smoke+fog)，motel(motor+hotel)，brunch(breakfast+lunch)。gym是长词 gymnasium的缩写，是 clipped word缩略词。25.which of the following words is not the example of semantic narrowing?a. tail. b. deer. c. meat. d. corn.（分数：2.50）a. b.c.d.解析：deer的意义由“任何动物”变为“某一特定的动物”，meat的意义由“食物”变为“动物可食部分”，corn的意

26、义由“谷物”变为“某一特定的谷物”，这三个词都属于词义缩小；tail的意义由“马的尾巴”变为“任何动物的尾巴”，为词义扩大的示例。26.which of the following words is the example of semantic broadening?a. hound b. companion c. silly d. girl（分数：2.50）a.b.c. d.解析：companion过去是指“与你共享面包的人”，现在指“任何陪伴你的人”，属于词义扩大。hound过去是“dog”的总称，现在已被缩小为某一特殊的狗；girl曾经是指“任何性别的年轻人”，而现在词义缩小专指“年轻

27、女性”；silly过去在古英语中表示“幸福”，到中世纪英语时期开始表示“单纯得有点儿傻”，到现代英语转为表示“愚蠢的”。27.the new words such as police officer, chairperson are created because _.a. science and technology are developing rapidlyb. computer and internet technology are more and more popularc. women have taken up activities formerly reserved for

28、mend. the children can remember them as quickly as possible （分数：2.50）a.b.c. d.解析：语言变化的原因有很多种：有科技的进步，妇女地位的转变。“police officer”，“chairperson”等同以前为：policeman，chairman，因为当时从事这一行业的几乎都是男性。但是如今女性也都加入到这些行业中，所以出现了一些中性化的词语。28.as science and technology develops, the word planet-friendly is coined in the _ domai

29、n.a. space travel b. computer and internet languagec. ecology d. it（分数：2.50）a.b.c. d.解析：planet-friendly是指“对地球环保的”，来源于生态学(ecology)。29.quarantine once had the restricted meaning forty days isolation. this is an example of_.a. semantic broadening b. semantic narrowingc. semantic shift d. loss of words（

30、分数：2.50）a. b.c.d.解析：quarantine曾经专指“40 天隔离”，现在扩展为“隔离”，为词义扩大。30.the word holiday originally meant a holy day; but now the word signifies any day when wedont have to work. this is an example of _.a. meaning shift b. widening of meaningc. narrowing of meaning d. loss of meaning（分数：2.50）a.b. c.d.解析：从 any

31、 day就可以知道词义扩大。31.a special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languagesfor purpose of trading is called _.a. dialect b. idiolect c. pidgin d. register （分数：2.50）a.b.c. d.解析：pidgin洋泾浜是原本讲不同语言的人们由于某些特殊原因(如商业交流)的直接交流目的而产生的特殊语言混合体。dialect的意思是方言，idiolect是个人方言，regist

32、er是语域。32.the distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following except _.a. lexical b. syntactic c. phonological d. psycholinguistic（分数：2.50）a.b.c.d. 解析：语言的变体可以是词法、句法、音位方面的变化。心理语言学是语言学的一个分支。33.which of the following is not the speech variety?a. regional dialects. b. sociolects.c. regi

33、sters. d. discourse accents.（分数：2.50）a.b.c.d. 解析：在社会语言学的研究中，人们对三种言语变体特别感兴趣，即：地域方言、社会方言和语域。而每个群体的语言运用在语法、词汇和音位方面等的独特性，他们的谈话方式以及他们谈话的风格等构成了不同的 discourse accents话语口音，不同的话语口音表明了不同的社会地位。34.which of the following does not fall into dialectal varieties?a. regional dialects. b. sociolects.c. registers. d. i

34、diolects.（分数：2.50）a.b.c. d.解析：一门语言的变体是该语言的一般概念的实际体现，它们被假定为与语言的使用者和语言的用途相关。与使用者相关的变体通常被称为方言，而与用途相关的变体称为语域。方言变体中包括地域方言、社会方言、个人方言、种族方言等。35.halliday distinguishes three social variables that determine the register except _.a. field of discourse b. tenor of discoursec. community of discourse d. mode of d

35、iscourse （分数：2.50）a.b.c. d.解析：halliday区分了决定语域的三个社会变量：语场(field of discourse)、语旨(tenor of discourse)和语式(mode of discourse)。36.standard dialect is _.a. designated as the official or national language of a countryb. a dialect a child acquired naturally like his regional dialectc. used by people who spea

36、k different languages for restricted purposed. used by people who belong to the higher social stares（分数：2.50）a. b.c.d.解析：标准语通常被作为政府所提倡的标准语言。它往往是建立在某一地区(通常是该国的政治或经济中心)的方言基础之上；并不是全国儿童从起初就像对地区方言那样自然地习得。37.the form of a given language used in a certain geographical space is called _.a. style b. dialect c. register d. pidgin（分数：2.50）a.b. c.d.解析：在某一地理区域内使用的语言应为该地区的方言。38._ is a situation where two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout thecommunity, with each having a definite role to play.a. bilingualism b. diglossia c. bil