陈正康阅读基础讲义

1、2016考研英语阅读理解基础班辅导讲义2016考研英语基础阅读班讲义陈正康博士编讲读真题记忆核心单词读真题破解典型难句读真题透析命题思路一.必考题型详解1.例1. one hundred and thirteen million americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. they give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they m

2、ake many banking services available as well. more and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. for many of us, the cashless society is not on the horizon its already her

3、e.55. according to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to _.a withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishesb obtain more convenient services than other people doc enjoy greater trust from the storekeeperd cash money wherever he wishes to56. from the last sentence of the first paragrap

4、h we learn that _.a in the future all the americans will use credit cardsb credit cards are mainly used in the united state todayc nowadays many americans do not pay in cashd it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before例2what accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early

5、america - breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?among the many shaping factors, i would single out the countrys excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the american

6、genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.1.according to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early america was in a large part due to _. a elementary schools b enthusiastic workers c the attractive premium system d a special way of thinking例3yet the bbc wi

7、ll have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. the commercial tv channels itv and channel 4 were required by the thatcher governments broadcasting act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. but it is the arrival of

8、new satellite channels funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers subscriptions which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.58. the foremost reason why the bbc has to readjust itself is no other than _.a the emergence of commercial tv channelsb the enforcement of broadcasting

9、 act by the governmentc the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobsd the challenge of new satellite channels例4wild bill donovan would have loved the internet. the american spymaster who built the office of strategic services in the world war ii and later laid the roots for the cia was fascinated w

10、ith information. donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the great game of espionage-spying as a profession. these days the net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping donovans vocation as well. 51.the emergence of the net has_ . a received

11、 support from fans like donovan. b remolded the intelligence services. c restored many common pastimes. d revived spying as a profession. 例5while often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and sel

12、f-expression. those things that do not show up in the test scores - personality, ability, courage or humanity - are completely ignored, says toshiki kaifu, chairman of the ruling liberal democratic partys education committee. frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild

13、. last year japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. last year mitsuo setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued

14、that liberal reforms introduced by the american occupation authorities after world war ii had weakened the japanese morality of respect for parents.41.which of the following is true according to the author?a japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.b japanese educa

15、tion is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.c more stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.d dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.例6.once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the web and television

16、fades. thats a prospect that horrifies net purists.57.in the view of net purists, _.a there should be no marketing messages in online cultureb money making should be given priority to on the webc the web should be able to function as the television set（d）d there should be no online commercial inform

17、ation without requests2.例1. few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. perhaps it is humankinds long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. but to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be bl

18、ind. several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good. the third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that .a people would be happy if they shut their eyes to realityb the blind could be happier than the sightedc over-excited people tend to neglect vital thingsd fascination makes people lose

19、 their eyesight例2. and this process need not be left to the unconscious. cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. as soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try t

20、o wake up just enough to control its course. with much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.34. cartwright seems to suggest that _. a waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams b visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control c dreams should be left t

21、o their natural progression d dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious 例3. there are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. many european schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equ

22、ipped for the professions they want to join. it is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as our

23、s and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.61. it could be inferred from the passage that in the authors country the european model of professional training is _. a dependent upon the starting age of candidates b worth trying in various soci

24、al sections c of little practical value d attractive to every kind of professional例4. examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly

25、 a century ago in the us, when the standard oil trust was broken up. the mergers of telecom companies, such as world com, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. on the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. in cars, too,

26、 concentration is increasing witness daimler and chrysler, renault and nissan but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.from paragraph 4 we can infer that _. a the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers b worldcom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs c the co

27、sts of the globalization process are enormous d the standard oil trust might have threatened competition3.例1.science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. sir isaac newton supposedly discovered gravit

28、y through the fall of an apple. apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. but newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. what kept them in place? why didnt they fall out of the sky? the autho

29、r wants to prove with the example of isaac newton that _.a inquiring minds are more important than scientific experimentsb science advances when fruitful researches are conductedc scientists seldom forget the essential nature of researchd unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific re

30、search例2. although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. while the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. both the family and the

31、society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. and it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of societys understanding the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.59. in paragrah 2, the author cites the e

32、xample of the leading actor on the stage to show that _.a the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the societyb exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children arec exceptional children are the key interest of the family and societyd the

33、 needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children 例3. to take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. countries that still think foreign investment is an in

34、vasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the united states. when the united states built its industrial infrastructure, it didnt have the capital to do so. and that is why americas second wave infrastructure-includi

35、ng roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment. the english, the germans, the dutch and the french were investing in britains former colony. they financed them. immigrant americans built them. guess who owns them now? the americans. i believe the same thing would be

36、true in places like brazil or anywhere else for that matter. the more foreign capital you have helping you build your third wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off youre going to be. that doesnt mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporat

37、ions run uncontrolled. it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the internet.the writer mentioned the case of the united states to justify the policy of _. agetting financial support from overseasbgetting o

38、ver their out-dated anti-colonial prejudicescbuilding industrial infrastructuredbeing invaded in sovereignty例4.wild bill donovan would have loved the internet. the american spymaster who built the office of strategic services in the world war ii and later laid the roots for the cia was fascinated wi

39、th information. donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the great game of espionage-spying as a profession. these days the net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping donovans vocation as well. donovans story is mentioned in the text to a i

40、ntroduce the topic of online spying. b show how he fought for the u.s. c give an episode of the information war. d honor his unique services to the cia. 例5. if you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006s world cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy qui

41、rk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. if you then examined the european national youth teams that feed the world cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.21.the birthd

42、ay phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to .a stress the importance of professional training.b spotlight the soccer superstars at the world cup.c introduce the topic of what makes expert performance. d explain why some soccer teams play better than others.4.例1.with as many as 120 varie

43、ties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. the researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but

44、how remains unknown. if several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.66. the word dormant in the third paragraph most probably means _.a deadb ever-presentc inactived potential例2.i have discovered, as perhaps kelsey will after her much-publicized res

45、ignation from the editorship of she after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life,” and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of li

46、fe kelsey used to advocate and i once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.69.“juggling ones life” probably means living a life characterized by _.a non-materialistic lifestyle b a bit of eve

47、rythingc extreme stress（c） d anti-consumerism例3.rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publishers pipelines. a few have already appeared. the goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid s

48、cientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. scientific creationism, which is being pushed by some for equal time in the classrooms whenever the scientific

49、 accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science, virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard scientific creationism as bad science and bad religion.67. creationism in the passage refers to _.a evolution in its true sense a

50、s to the origin of the universeb a notion of the creation of religionc the scientific explanation of the earth formationd the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe例4. people in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. they worked until exhausted, lived with few protections an

51、d died young. in the west, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too. the word “

52、bummer” most probably means something . a. religious b. unpleasant c. sould. worms5.例1. the authors attitude towards the issue seems to be _.a biasedb indifferentc puzzlingd objective例2. one more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not

53、occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. a sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. the economists commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. in 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 b

54、y almost 30%. from the text we can see that the writer seems .a optimisticboverconfidentc gloomy d scared例3. it was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. after six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, australias northern territory became the first legal a

55、uthority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. the measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. almost immediately word flashed on the internet and was picked up, half a world away, by john hofsess, executive director of the right to die soc

56、iety of canada. he sent it on via the groups on-line service, death net. says hofsess: we posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isnt just something that happened in australia. its world history.the full import may take a while to sink in. the nt rights of the terminally ill law has l

57、eft physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the australian medical association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. but the tide is unlikely to turn back. in australia where an aging population, li