外文翻译---人机工程学与造型设计资料

1、 ergonomics and designmodern high-tech society of rapid development, is gradually changing to theproduction of human life in every aspect the display of human greatness and strength toconquer unparalleled wisdom, but it has brought new human anguish and anxiety that isthe feeling of loneliness, alie

2、nation and emotional imbalance. in a high-tech society, peoplewould seek a balance - a high-tech and high emotional balance, a high and high humanrational balance. technology progressed, the greater the desire to balance strong. so johnthat : no matter where needed compensatory high emotion. our hig

3、h-tech society morewe hope to create more high emotional environment, the techniques used to balance thesoftware side of rigid side, such emotion and humanity to achieve balance, and humanlife as closely related to the design of the responsibility.goods modeling and ergonomics is combined. they can

4、be described as : center forpsychological, physiological radius, used to establish and things (products) harmoniousrelations between the way to maximize the potential of excavation, a comprehensive andbalanced use of muscle energy, the protection of human health, and thereby increaseproductivity. fr

5、om the context of industrial design, the big aerospace systems, urbanplanning, infrastructure construction, factory automation, mechanical equipment, transport,small furniture, clothing, stationery and flower pots, cups, bowls and chopsticks production,such as the creation of life with the objects i

6、n the design and manufacture must take thehuman factor as an important condition to consider. if the product categories divided intoprofessional supplies and general supplies, professional supplies in ergonomics, on theother hand, there will be more consideration, it relies a lot on the level of phy

7、siology; andgeneral products it must balance the psychological problems need more aesthetic and thedesign trend, which is to be the product of human nature-based demand.ergonomics application areas :1 computer terminal : design and layout : computer products and peripherals designand layout, compute

8、r terminal workstations, display equipment and rules of the screenhealth and safety, ergonomic office environment;2 industrial design application, information design and market / user research,medical equipment, seating comfort and design study seating design and classification,classification and se

9、lection of furniture;3 man-machine interface design and evaluation : the man-machine interface designand development, knowledge systems, man-machine interface forms, hci/mmi prototypegui prototype 4 computer terminals : design and layout : computer products and peripherals designand layout, computer

10、 terminal workstations, display equipment and rules of the screenhealth and safety, ergonomic office environment;5 office ergonomics and design : office automation, office equipment and officedesign, layout and ergonomics;other special ergonomic applications : nuclear energy, the military man-machin

11、eengineering, process control, cultural surveys and research methods automatic speechrecognition；,many aspects of the application of ergonomics.well, for a product is how to evaluate it in ergonomics standard with regard?germany design center, for example, in selecting the annual quality products, e

12、rgonomicset on the following criteria :1) products and human dimensions, shape and strength match;2) the product is easy to manage and make good use;3) to prevent the use of operator injury and accidents at the wrong time with thedanger;4) the practical operation of the units; placement of the compo

13、nents on thesignificance of it can no doubt be identified and tracked;5) whether or not the products to facilitate cleaning, maintenance and repair.so-called ergonomics, which is the application of anthropometry, the human bodymechanics, work physiology, working on the fields of psychology research

14、methods, thehuman body structure and function characteristics, body parts of the size, weight, bodysurface area, density, the focus of some of the human activities in the mutual relations andthe scope of the human and structural characteristics of parameters; also part of the humaneffort, the scope

15、of its activities, movement speed, movement frequency, focus changes andmovements of human habits function parameters, the analysis of the visual, auditory, skinsense and sensitivity, and other sensory characteristics of function; analysis of labor in thevarious physiological changes, energy consump

16、tion, the mechanism of fatigue on variouslabor load adaptability; to investigate the impact of the work of psychological factors andpsychological factors on the efficiency of the impact.ergonomics research content and design disciplines for the role can be summarizedas the following :industrial desi

17、gn considerations human factors for the human scale parameters :anthropometry, human biomechanics, physiology, psychology and other disciplines ofstudy to human muscle structure and characteristics can be studied with parts of the humanbody, the size, body weight, body surface area, density, the foc

18、us of some of the humanactivities in the mutual relations and the scope and structure of the human body such as thecharacteristic parameters for each part of human hair of the scope, the scope of activities, movement speed, frequency, the focus changes when he inertia and dynamic parameters ofthe vi

19、sual, auditory, tactile, and olfactory sensory muscular limbs, which can be analyzedin the labor physiological changes, energy consumption, fatigue and work load of variousadaptations, investigate the psychological impact of the work of the state, andpsychological factors on the efficiency of the im

20、pact. ergonomic research, industrialdesign fully consider human factors for the human scale structure, physiological criteriaand the psychological scales, and other data, such data can be effectively applied to theindustrial design.industrial design products function that provides a reasonable scien

21、tific basis : amodern industrial design, if pure functional material creative activities without consideringthe needs of ergonomics, it will be creative activities failure. therefore, how to solve theproduct and people related to the function of the optimization, created with thephysiological and ps

22、ychological muscle coordination can be the product, which will becontemporary industrial design, in a functional issue a new topic. ergonomic principlesand laws of the designer before the design consideration.ergonomics notable feature is that the serious study of the human-machine, the threeelement

23、s of the environment itself on the basis of characteristics, not simply focus on theindividual elements of the fine or not, but would use objects and designed objects andwith objects by the coexistence of the environment as a system to study . ergonomics inthe system will be known as - machines - en

24、vironmental system. the system,man-machine-environment interactions between three elements, interdependentrelationship determines the overall system performance. the subject of man-machinesystem design theory is that the scientific use of the three elements of the organic linksbetween the search for

25、 the best system parameters. the general design approach is usuallyclear in the whole system under the prerequisite that will focus on analyzing and studyingthe people and the airplane, environment three elements of the systems overallperformance, such as aircraft systems and the division of functio

26、ns; tie; how to adapt to theenvironment; machines on what is the impact on the environment and other issues, throughconstant revision and perfecting the three elements of the structure, ultimately ensure thatthe optimum combination is achieved. this is the ergonomics of the industrial designopened u

27、p new ideas, and offers a unique design methods and theory.design and ergonomics of the arts and cultural atmosphere and man-machineinterface using inexpensive to make products more user - in the human self-transformationgradually returning to the material world, to gradually create a human living s

28、pace of theirown.design elements of the modeling for the design concerns the most important aspectthe essence of design and characteristics must pass some form of which is clear, specific, to fruition. in the past, for a very long time it was known industrial design as the industrialimages, although

29、 not very scientific and norms, however, the number of shows in thedesign modeling of the importance and attention was. product semantics, modeling hasbecome an important symbol. italian designers stalled kosovo roots in the 1980s designedbra chairs, the chairs using the traditional structure, howev

30、er, it covers the use of soft andfull of design curves of the female body shape, and people get comfortable and soft to theimagination. very interesting. the design and colors have to rely on themselves to form canexist, we must shape if it is a reflection of specific significance. but color is a sp

31、ecificconfiguration and integration, it will have a very strong feeling and color features and apowerful spiritual impact. contemporary american visual arts psychologists mexico said :various colors to arouse emotions and express their feelings, even affect our normalphysiological feelings. so is th

32、e general aesthetic color most commonly in the form ofcolors design humanized expression of the important factors. bauhaus modern designuphold the tradition of modernist design, mostly black, white, gray and other colors of theneutral expression of language, reflect a calm, rational product characte

33、ristics. moderndesign strongly opposed empty and the few decorations, decorative anti-known. however,in line with mechanized technology for large-scale production, under the premise of thedecorative design can really increase the taste and character. enable design at t. j. moderndesigners often use

34、industrial design or add natural materials, through material adjustmentand changes to increase natural amenities or the sentimental mood to create a strongemotional response.modern methods of production have a standardized design and process requirementson the design of spectrum and type series. its

35、 purpose is to seek to design and the use ofstandardized mass production design means, to achieve reunification of the normativesense of beauty and order. product design must see clearly the development of science andtechnology trends, pay close attention to new theories, new technologies, new proce

36、sses,the emergence of new materials should be used as much as possible. full play to advancedscientific and technological research results into practical function of the value of themedia, design aesthetic characteristics of the times and cultural inclinations products.design products with the condi

37、tions of the times and social environment and social andpsychological accordingly to reflect the change is inevitable. research and forecast thetrend of this change, tend to grasp the design and characteristics of the designer isextremely important. because of all the worlds countries and regions, t

38、he nationsgeographical location and the environment, political and economic conditions, culturaltraditions and beliefs of different cases have developed its own unique character, hobbies,interests, habits and the pursuit this requires different branches of product design withdifferent art forms and

39、styles, corresponding to the formation of a nations character. design is to take the initiative to understand the users present and future needs, andattention to the different needs of different levels, constantly designed to meet the differentneeds of various user products.design is a kind of peopl

40、es thinking of the form, design is all the beautiful creaturesentrusted to be the purpose and achievement, and outstanding design is the embodiment oftruth, virtue and beauty. designed to function from the past to meet the increased further tothe right person in the spiritual care, which is designed

41、 into the culture, increase thevalue-added products of the culture of lies, this is the responsibility of the designer. withthe level of human understanding gradually improved, deepened and increased humanknowledge will be the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom, which is thedevelopment of kn

42、owledge essential law. and the design of mankind will inevitably raisetheir awareness to a higher level, that the human society has been pursued by the idealistic,the arts and the way of living creatures, to consciously or unconsciously, by the pursuit ofmaterial needs of both the main and the main

43、pursuit of the spirit of enjoyment. design ofthe continuous development and improvement in the process that is the understanding,thinking and feeling constantly improve the process, human design is the emotional,cultural and ethical spirit of the mapping. design is no intelligence and there issentim

44、ental. intelligence that the mapping of the human ordinary design; design is nolife. also have life, life that contains a human right in the design and use of the process.all human societies have been hallmarks of the human spirit awareness of the brand, thedesign is no exception. let me quote a des

45、igner of the united states said the timing to endthis paper : people always think that the design of 3-d : aesthetic, technology and theeconomy, but more important is the fourth dimension : human nature. 人机工程学与造型设计现代社会高科技的迅猛发展，正逐步改变着人类生产生活的方方面面，在展示人类伟大的征服力量和无与伦比的聪明才智的同时，也带给人类新的苦恼和忧虑，那便是人情的孤独、疏远和感情的失

46、衡。在高科技的社会里，人们必然去追求一种平衡一种高科技与高情感的平衡，一种高理性和高人性的平衡。技术越进步，这种平衡愿望就越强烈。所以约翰奈斯比特认为：“无论何处都需要有补偿性的高情感。我们的社会里高技术越多，我们就越希望创造高情感的环境，用技术的软件一面来平衡硬性的一面”，而这种情感和人性平衡的实现，作为与人类生活息息相关的设计是责无旁贷的。产品的造型与人机工程无疑是结合在一起的。我们可以将它们描述为：以心理为圆心，生理为半径，用以建立人与物 ( 产品 ) 之间和谐关系的方式，最大限度地挖掘人的潜能，综合平衡地使用人的肌能，保护人体健康，从而提高生产率。仅从工业设计这一范畴来看，大至宇航系统

47、、城市规划、建筑设施、自动化工厂、机械设备、交通工具，小至家具、服装、文具以及盆、杯、碗筷之类各种生产与生活所创造的“ 物 ” ，在设计和制造时都必须把 “ 人的因素 ” 作为一个重要的条件来考虑。若将产品类别区分为专业用品和一般用品的话，专业用品在人机工程上则会有更多的考虑，它比较偏重于生理学的层面；而一般性产品则必须兼顾心理层面的问题，需要更多的符合美学及潮流的设计，也就是应以产品人性化的需求为主。人机工程的应用领域：1 计算机终端：设计与布局：计算机产品和外设的设计与布局、计算机终端工作站、显示屏设备与规则、显示屏健康与安全、办公环境人机工程研究；2 工业设计应用“信息设计、市场/用户研

48、究、医疗设备、座椅的设计与舒适性研究、座椅设计与分类、家具分类与选择；3 人机界面设计与评价：人机界面的设计与发展、知识系统、人机界面形式、hci/mmi原型、gui 原型4 计算机终端：设计与布局：计算机产品和外设的设计与布局、计算机终端工作站、显示屏设备与规则、显示屏健康与安全、办公环境人机工程研究；5 办公室人机工程与设计：办公自动化、办公室和办公设备设计、办公室设计人机 工程；其它特殊的人机工程应用：原子能、军队人机工程、过程控制、文化调查、调查与研究方法、自动语音识别；等等，许多方面都应用到了人机工程学。那么，对于一件产品是如何来评价它在人机工程学方面是否符合规范呢 ? 以德国设计中

49、心为例，在评选每年优良产品时，人机工程上所设定的标准为：1) 产品与人体的尺寸、形状及用力是否配合；2) 产品是否顺手和好使用；3) 是否防止了使用人操作时意外伤害和错用时产生的危险；4) 各操作单元是否实用；各元件在安置上能否使其意义毫无疑问的被辨认；5) 产品是否便于清洗、保养及修理。所谓人机工程学，亦即是应用人体测量学、人体力学、劳动生理学、劳动心理学等学科的研究方法，对人体结构特征和机能特征进行研究，提供人体各部分的尺寸、重量、体表面积、比重、重心以及人体各部分在活动时的相互关系和可及范围等人体结构特征参数；还提供人体各部分的出力范围、活动范围、动作速度、动作频率、重心变化以及动作时的

50、习惯等人体机能特征参数，分析人的视觉、听觉、触觉以及肤觉等感觉器官的机能特性；分析人在各种劳动时的生理变化、能量消耗、疲劳机理以及人对各种劳动负荷的适应能力；探讨人在工作中影响心理状态的因素以及心理因素对工作效率的影响等。人机工程学研究内容及其对于设计学科的作用可以概括为以下几方面：为工业设计中考虑“人的因素”提供人体尺度参数：应用人体测量学、人体力学、生理学、心理学等学科的研究方法，对人体结构特征和肌能特征进行研究，提供人体各部分的尺寸、体重、体表面积、比重、重心以及人体各部分在活动时相互关系和可及范围等人体结构特征参数提供人体各部分的发力范围、活动范围、动作速度、频率、重心变化以及动作时惯

51、性等动态参数分析人的视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉以及肢体感觉器官的肌能特征，分析人在劳动时的生理变化、能量消耗、疲劳程度以及对各种劳动负荷的适应能力，探讨人在工作中影响心理状态的因素，及心理因素对工作效率的影响等。人体工程学的研究，为工业设计全面考虑“人的因素”提供了人体结构尺度，人体生理尺度和人的心理尺度等数据，这些数据可有效地运用到工业设计中去。 为工业设计中“产品”的功能合理性提供科学依据：现代工业设计中，如搞纯物质功能的创作活动，不考虑人机工程学的需求，那将是创作活动的失败。因此，如何解决“产品”与人相关的各种功能的最优化，创造出与人的生理和心理肌能相协调的“产品”，这将是当今工业设计中，在功能问题上的新课题。人体工程学的原理和规律将设计师在设计前考虑的问题。人机工程学的显著特点是，在认真研究人、机、环境三个要素本身特性的基础上，不单纯着眼于个别要素的优良与否，而是将使用“ 物 ” 的人和所设计的“ 物 ” 以及人与 “ 物 ” 所共处的环境作为一个系统来研究。在人机工程学中将这个系统称为 “ 人 机 环境 ” 系统。这个系统中，人、机、环境三个要素之间相互作用、相互依存的关系决定着系统总体的性能。本学科的人机系统设计理论