医学泌尿系统类课件:泌尿系统模块之——水、电解质和酸碱平衡紊乱_第1页
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1、泌尿系统模块之 水、电解质和酸碱平衡紊乱 肾脏,具有强大的代偿功能! 泌尿系统最重要功能:调节水、电解质、酸碱平衡 已经学习过的模块哪些内容涉及水、电解质、酸碱 平衡的调节和失衡? 消化系统:肝性水肿,腹泻呕吐引起的代谢紊乱,. 医学基础引论:炎症(炎性组织水肿) 感染与防御:感染炎症,过敏反应 循环系统:心性水肿,休克(酸中毒,组织水肿,高血钾). 呼吸系统:肺水肿,呼吸性酸碱平衡紊乱,. Na+ Sodium (Natrium) ion K+ Potassium (Kalium) ion H+ Hydrogen ion HCO3- - Bicarbonate H2CO3 Carbonic

2、acid NH3 Ammonia NH4+ Ammonia ion Cl- - Chlorine Ca2+ Calcium ECF, ICF, ISF Some words:Cation (+) or anion (-) 一、概述 水、电解质、酸碱代谢平衡 “进”、“出”二字,尽可解之。 (一)什么物质进出(what)? 体内无纯水,水钠兼而论之 水钠代谢紊乱(Disorder of Water and Sodium Metabolism) 钾代谢紊乱(Disorder of Potassium Metabolism) 酸碱平衡紊乱(Disturbance of acid-base balan

3、ce) 钙磷代谢,镁代谢. (二)在哪里进出(where)? 从微观到宏观细胞内外,血管内外,整体水平 1. Regulation between ICV and ISV through cellular membrane Water permeable, not for protein and ions 3. Control of water and electrolytes by intake and output (total body water-kidney) 2. Regulation between ISV and vascular space (vessel wall) Wat

4、er and ions permeable, not for protein and large MW. (三)进出多少?(how much,正常值) 水的整体进出: Intake (ml) Output (ml) Drink 10001500 Urine 10001500 Food 700 Skin 500 Oxidation 300 Respiratory 350 water Evaporation Stool 150 total 20002500 20002500 The daily water balance in a 70-kg healthy person on a mixed d

5、iet 泉枯,鱼相舆处于陆。相呴以湿,相濡以沫, 不如相忘于江海。 电解质的 正常值范围 ?0.1 M Pay attention: The dominating cation of ECF is Na+ The dominating cation of ICF is K+ How to keep these cation differences between cellular membrane? Na+, K+ -ATPase (pump) Question: Answer: Pay attention to the effect of ATP! (四)进出的机制(how)? 平衡机制:化

6、学平衡、电荷平衡、渗透压平衡 两个系统:渴感中枢,容量受体 三种激素:ADH,醛固酮,利钠肽 (五)进出的时机(when)? 以实现内环境稳定(homeostasis)为目的,实 现代偿和平衡。 ADH太多:太多: SIADH:抗利尿激素分泌失调综合征抗利尿激素分泌失调综合征 syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion 表现:水潴留、尿排钠增多以及稀释性低钠血症(水中毒)表现:水潴留、尿排钠增多以及稀释性低钠血症(水中毒) ADH太少:太少: 尿崩症:尿崩症: 醛固酮太多:醛固酮太多: 原醛症:指肾上腺皮质分泌过量醛固酮,导

7、致体内潴钠、排钾、血容原醛症:指肾上腺皮质分泌过量醛固酮,导致体内潴钠、排钾、血容 量增多、肾素量增多、肾素-血管紧张素系统活性受抑(盐中毒)。血管紧张素系统活性受抑(盐中毒)。 醛固酮太少:醛固酮太少: 肾上腺皮质功能不全:原因比较复杂。肾上腺皮质功能不全:原因比较复杂。 (六)进出失衡的后果?(对机体的影响-病理生理学) 无外乎“多”、“少”二字(hypo or hyper) 水钠代谢紊乱(Disorder of Water and Sodium Metabolism) 钾代谢紊乱(Disorder of Potassium Metabolism) 酸碱平衡紊乱(Disturbance o

8、f acid-base balance) 通过“量”的变化认识不同代谢紊乱的概念! 二、水钠代谢紊乱 (Disorder of Water and Sodium Metabolism) 体液容量体液容量(脱水)脱水)体液容量体液容量 血清钠血清钠低容量性低钠血低容量性低钠血症症 (低渗性脱水)低渗性脱水) 高容量性低钠血症高容量性低钠血症 (水中毒)(水中毒) 血清钠血清钠低容量性高钠血低容量性高钠血症症 (高渗性脱水)高渗性脱水) 高容量性高钠血症高容量性高钠血症 (盐中毒)(盐中毒) 血清钠正常血清钠正常 正常血钠性水过正常血钠性水过少少 (等渗性脱水)等渗性脱水) 正常血钠性水过多正常血

9、钠性水过多 ( (水肿水肿) ) Concept: Dehydration is an abnormal reduction of the major fluid volumes (loses 2 % total body water with shrinkage of ECV). Loses 5% of TBW: clinical consequences Loses 20 % of TBW: life threatening (一)(一)Dehydration (脱水, Hypovolemia) 1. Hyperosmolal (hypertonic) dehydration (高渗性脱水

10、)(高渗性脱水) Hypovolemic hypernatremia (150 mmol/L) 2. Hyposmolal (hypotonic) dehydration(低渗性脱水)(低渗性脱水) Hypovolemic hyponatremia (失钠失钠 (水摄入不足(水摄入不足 或丧失过多)或丧失过多) 失钠失钠失水失水 (体液丧失(体液丧失 而单纯补水)而单纯补水) 水和钠等比例丧失水和钠等比例丧失 而未予补充而未予补充 发病原理发病原理 细胞外液高渗,细胞外液高渗, 细胞内液丧失为主细胞内液丧失为主 细胞外液低渗,细胞外液低渗, 细胞外液丧失为主细胞外液丧失为主 细胞外液等渗,以细

11、胞外液等渗,以 后高渗,细胞内外后高渗,细胞内外 液均有丧失液均有丧失 主要表现和影响主要表现和影响 口渴、尿少、口渴、尿少、 脱水热、脑细胞脱水脱水热、脑细胞脱水 脱水体征、休克、脱水体征、休克、 脑细胞水肿脑细胞水肿 口渴、尿少、口渴、尿少、 脱水体征、休克脱水体征、休克 血清钠(血清钠(mmol/L) 150以上以上 (渗透压(渗透压310) 130以下以下 (渗透压(渗透压280) 130150 (渗透压(渗透压280310) 尿氯化钠尿氯化钠有有减少或无减少或无减少减少 治疗治疗 补充水分为主补充水分为主 (5%葡萄糖)葡萄糖) 补充生理盐水或补充生理盐水或 3%氯化钠溶液氯化钠溶液

12、 补充低渗盐水补充低渗盐水 Two question: Which one has a higher osmolality? Which one losses more water? 脱水热:高渗性脱水的小儿,由于脱水,从皮肤蒸发 的水分减少(汗腺细胞内液减少),使散热受到影响, 导致体温升高,称之为脱水热。 Restriction of water evaporation from skin in children may cause a remarkable increase of body temperature, called “dehydration fever”. Conseque

13、nce: Dehydration signs: 脱(失)水体征:由于血容量减少,组织间液向 血管内转移,组织间液减少更明显,病人出现皮肤弹性 减退,眼窝和婴幼儿囟门凹陷。(以低渗性脱水多见) 注意: 一般失液不会直接引起低渗性脱水。 有渴感有饮水时,一般不会发生高渗性脱水。 It was only on Thursday, with the heat already abating in several regions, that the French health ministry acknowledged that some 3,000 people could have died in

14、all, and launched an emergency plan. Attention has focused particularly on elderly people, often living alone, who in many cases fail to realize that they are becoming dehydrated. Patrick Pelloux, the emergency ward doctor who first raised the alarm, told Le Parisien that the health authorities did

15、not wake up quickly enough to the seriousness of the situation. A lot of lives could have been saved, he added. (二)体液过量(水钠太多) 低渗水中毒(water intoxication) 高渗盐中毒(salt intoxicaiton) 等渗水肿(edema) 以“出”少为主因! 1. Water Intoxication Characteristics: Causes : Consequences: Over water retention Intracellular over

16、hydration (cellular edema) Cerebral edema, brainstem herniation Hypervolemic hyponatremia Excessive ADH secretion primary: SIADH secondary: Medication Renal failure over water intake? 2. Salt Intoxication Characteristics: Causes : Consequences: Over sodium adminsistration Intracellular dehydration,

17、BP Neuromuscular dysfunction, coma and death Hypervolemic hypernatremia Excessive ALD secretion primary aldosteronism Cushing syndrome (ACTHALD) Renal failure 3. Edema(水肿)(水肿) Definition : The excessive accumulation of fluid within interstitial spaces. 过多的液体在组织间隙或在体腔内积聚,过多的液体在组织间隙或在体腔内积聚, 称为水肿。称为水肿。

18、 Excess accumulation in some cavities termed hydrops 积水。积水。 Localized and Anasarca (generalized edema) (局部和全身性水肿)(局部和全身性水肿) Cardiac, renal, hepatic, pulmonary and brain edema Types Capillary and tissues Hydrostatic pressure Oncotic pressure Vascular permeability Lymph drainage (1)影响局部水肿形成的主要因素: Four

19、 Factors Affecting the Volume of Interstitial Fluid Increased hydrostatic pressure (capillary) Venous obstruction Arteriolar dilation Increased blood volume, Effect of gravity Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure Excess interstitial fluid, exceeding back-flow Edema (1)影响局部水肿形成的主要因素: Inadequate i

20、ntake: Malnutrition Decreased synthesis of protein:Liver function insufficiency Increased loss:Nephrotic syndrome (loss through urine) Increased degradation:Chronic consumptive diseases Decreased oncotic (colloid osmotic) pressure Decreased concentration of plasma albumin (cachexia恶液质)恶液质) (1)影响局部水肿

21、形成的主要因素: 进和出的变化 Increased vascular permeability to protein Leakage of albumin to interstitial space,leading to an increase in tissue oncotic pressure Endothelial barrier dysfunction or injury Infections, Burns, Trauma, Radiation, Allergy (1)影响局部水肿形成的主要因素: Obstruction of lymph flow Tumors, Elephantia

22、sis (Filariasis) Subscutaneous injection of labeled albumin into the affected extremity - Lymphoscintigraphic image (1)影响局部水肿形成的主要因素: Glomerular-tubular imbalance causes the retention of water and sodium! 球管失衡 水钠潴留 (2)导致钠水潴留(全身性水肿)主要因素: Decreased of glomerular filtration rate (GFR ) 1) Massive glome

23、rular dysfunctionReduced filtration area 2) Reduced effective circulating blood volume (ECBV) Activation of sympathetic nervous system Constriction of afferent(入球)(入球) arteriole Reduced renal blood flow GFR Pathogenesis of Edema (2) 导致钠水潴留(全身性水肿)主要因素: An increase in proximal tubule salt and water re

24、absorption Decreased ECBV Filtration fraction (GFR/renal plasma flow) 入球小动脉的收缩更强 Oncotic pressure at the end of the glomerular capillaries Decreased ANP Pathogenesis of Edema (2) 导致钠水潴留(全身性水肿)主要因素: Enhanced distal tubule sodium and water reabsorption Increased secretion of aldosterone and ADH 2) Ant

25、idiuretic hormone (ADH) Triggers:Hypernatremia,reduced ECBV 1) Aldosterone Triggers:Decreased ECBV (through RAAS) Hyponatremia,ADH Pathogenesis of Edema (2) 导致钠水潴留(全身性水肿)主要因素: (3) 水肿的特点:漏出液或渗出液?水肿发生部位? Specific gravity Total protein Cells Exudates (渗渗出液出液) Transudates (漏漏出液出液)1.105 25 g/L1.01825 g/L

26、 plentiful 如何判断隐形水肿?临床上如何判断体液进出量? (4) 水肿的作用?水肿的作用? Beneficial effects: Protective effects of inflammatory edema Dilute, neutralize toxin and prevent bacteria from spreading “Safety valve” effect of edema Buffer the excessive water to avoid cardiovascular overload and damage Harmful effects: Disturba

27、nce of nutrition supply to cells Restriction of organ functions (life threatening) Cardiac edema 心性水肿心性水肿 (5) 常见水肿类型常见水肿类型 Water and Sodium retentoin Kidney GFR Tubular re-absortion Capillary hydraulic pressure Cardiac dysfunction Cardiac output ECBV venous congestion Edema Hepatic edema 肝性水肿肝性水肿 An

28、ything left? Protein? ALD? (5) 常见水肿类型常见水肿类型 Brain edema(脑水肿)(脑水肿) 1) Vascular cerebral edema: increased cerebral vascualr permeability (disruption of BBB). 2) Cellular brain edema:Na+-K+-ATPase inactivation, hyponatremia. 3) Interstitial brain edema:obstructive hydrocephalus (5)常见水肿类型常见水肿类型 Pulmonar

29、y edema (肺水肿)(肺水肿) (5)常见水肿类型常见水肿类型 1) 压力性肺水肿:由于肺毛细血管内流体静压增高引起;压力性肺水肿:由于肺毛细血管内流体静压增高引起; 2)伴有弥漫性肺泡损伤的通透性增高性肺水肿伴有弥漫性肺泡损伤的通透性增高性肺水肿; 3)不伴有肺泡损伤的通透性增高性肺水肿(药物和免疫反应)不伴有肺泡损伤的通透性增高性肺水肿(药物和免疫反应); 4)混合性肺水肿混合性肺水肿 根据水肿积聚的部位和严重程度,有:根据水肿积聚的部位和严重程度,有: 肺间质水肿(肺间质水肿(pulmonary interstitial edema) 肺泡水肿(肺泡水肿(alveolar edem

30、a)。)。 (5)常见水肿类型常见水肿类型 5. 肾性水肿肾性水肿 肾病性水肿:以大量蛋白尿所致低蛋白血症为主因;肾病性水肿:以大量蛋白尿所致低蛋白血症为主因; 肾炎性水肿:由肾小球滤过率明显下降所致。肾炎性水肿:由肾小球滤过率明显下降所致。 Which of the following conditions will favor edema (accumulation of interstitial fluid)? a. An increase in blood pressure b. A decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins c.

31、 Blockage of lymphatic vessels d. An increase in vascular permeability e. All of the above (e) Question 一严重腹泻伴有高热病人,未经治疗而导致的水一严重腹泻伴有高热病人,未经治疗而导致的水 钠代谢紊乱最可能是钠代谢紊乱最可能是? ? 还会有钾和酸碱代谢紊乱吗?还会有钾和酸碱代谢紊乱吗? 高渗性脱水高渗性脱水 低钾血症,代谢性酸中毒低钾血症,代谢性酸中毒 钾代谢紊乱 (Disorder of Potassium Metabolism) 了解正常,才能理解异常 Normal Metabolism

32、 of Potassium 1. Distribution: how much and where 2. Intake: resource 3. Absorption: where 4. Excretion: from where and how 1. Distribution Total content:3.5 mol -4 mol Which compartment has the most of K+? 90% ICF 1.4% ECF 7.6% Bone (in osteocytes) 1% Transcellular Fluid 50 mmol/Kg % Which compartm

33、ent is more sensitive to K+ alteration? ICF Intake 70 100 (mmol/day) Features of Potassium Metabolism * Rapid absorption in GI tract * Slow excretion from kidney * Slow entrance into cell * More intake, more excretion (多吃多排)(多吃多排) * Less intake, less excretion (少吃少排)(少吃少排) * No intake, still excreti

34、on (不吃也排)(不吃也排) (Easy to gain in the blood) (Easy to lose from the body) 5. Regulation of Potassium Balance (how) Transcellular Transfer Renal Excretion Cellular and vascular level Systemic level Na+-K+-ATPase pump (keeps high K+ i and low Na+ i ) 1. Cellular level (transcellular transfer) : K+ - ch

35、annels:Leakage (Channels help the ion leaks according to content gradient) Mechanism:Pump-Leak (泵(泵-漏漏) ions exchange with H+, Na+ and Ca2+. (150 mmol/L) (4 mmol/L) (1) ECF potassium concentration (2) Hormone:Insulin, ALD, Catecholamine (activation of Na+-K+ ATPase pump) (3) Acid-base balance: pH and K+i/e ( An increase in the pH of 0.1 causes a decrease in K+ of 0.5 mmol) (4) Osmolarity:Increase of plasma Na+ enhances the exchange of Na+-K+ (5) Exercise: Skeletal muscle contraction shifts K+ out

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