新概念第一册主要语法知识教学文稿

1、精品文档新概念一主要语法知识点（一）时态主要涉及的时态有：一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时，现在完成时，一般将来时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时1. 一般现在时表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。? 含有 be 动词的句子例： He is a teacher.The girl is very beautiful. Tim and Jack are students.变 疑问句 将 be 动词移到 句首 例： Is he a teacher?Is the girl very beautiful?Are Tim and Jack students?变 否定句 在 be 动词后面 加 no

2、t例： He is not a teacher.The girl is not very beautiful.Tim and Jack are not students.肯定回答及否定回答例： Yes, he is. No, he is not.Yes, she is. No, she is not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.? 不含有动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子第三人称单数及单数名词例： He likes books.She likes him.The dog likes bones.变 疑问句 在句首 加 does, 动词变为原型例： Does h

3、e like books?Does she like him?Does the dog like bones?变 否定句 在主语及动词之间加 doesnt,动词变为原型例： He doesnt like books.She doesnt like him.The dog doesn t like bones.肯定回答及否定回答：例： Yes, he does. No, he doesnt.Yes, she does. No, she doesntYes, it does. No, it doesnt.注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S，不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任

4、何变化。精品文档精品文档其他人称及复数名词例： I want to have a bath.We have some meat.The students like smart teachers.变 疑问句 在句首 加 do例： Do you want to have a bath?Do we have any meat?Do the students like smart teachers?变 否定句 在主语和动词之间加 dont.例： You dont want to have a bath.We dont have any meat.The students dont like smart

5、 teachers.肯定回答及否定回答例： Yes, I do. No, I dont.Yes, we do. No, we dontYes, they do. No, they dont.2. 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。构成：主语 be 动词动词的现在分词其它成分例： We are having lunch.He is reading a book.The dog is running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.变 疑问句 将 be 动词移到句首例： Are we having lunch?Is he rea

6、ding a book?Is the dog running after a cat?Are the boys swimming across the river?变 否定句 在 be 动词后面 加not例： We are not having lunch.He is not reading a book.The dog is not running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.特殊疑问句 ： what,which, how, where, who, etc.疑问词动词主语现在分词例： What are you doin

7、g?What is she doing?What is the dog doing?注： ( 必背！ ) 没有进行时的动词：表示状态，思想，感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作表示感觉，感官的词see, hear, like, love, want, have, has当”拥有”讲时没有进行时3. 一般过去时精品文档精品文档表示过去发生的动作或事件， 常和表示过去的时间状语连用， 如 yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago,?含有 be 动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，am, is 的过去式为was， are 的过

8、去式为 were例： I was at the butchers.You were a student a year ago.The teacher was very beautiful ten yearsago.变 疑问句 将 be 动词移动到句首例： Were you at the butchers?Were you a student a year ago?Was the teacher very beautiful ten yearsago?变 否定句 在 be 动词后面 加 not例： I was not at the butchers.You were not a student

9、a year ago.The teacher was not very beautiful tenyears ago.肯定回答否定回答例： Yes, I was. No, I was not.Yes, you were. No, you were not.Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not.特殊疑问句：例： What did you do? 不含有 be 动词的句子，将动词变为过去式例： I finished my homework yesterday.The boy went to a restaurant.The Sawyers lived at Kin

10、g Street a year ago.变 疑问句 在句首 加 did ，动词变为原型例： Did you finish your homework yesterday?Did the boy go to a restaurant?Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?变 否定句 在主语和动词之间加 didnot例： I did not finish my homework yesterday.The boy did not go to a restaurant.The Sawyers did not live at King Stree

11、t a yearago.肯定回答及否定回答例： Yes, I did. No, I didnt.Yes, he did. No, he didnt.Yes, they did. No, they did not.4.现在完成时构成：主语 +助动词 have, has+ 过去分词用法：1) 表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和just, usually, already, since等时间副词连用例： I have just had lunch. (饱了，不用再吃了)He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝）精品文档精品文档They have already ha

12、d their holiday.（不能再度假了）The boy has already read the book.（已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了）2) 询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：例： Have you finished your homework?Have you been to Beijing?Have he seen the film?3) 表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作例： I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.I have worked for this school for 1 year.4) 表示一种经历，经验：去过 地

13、方，做过 事情，经历过 事情例： I have never had a bath.I have never seen a film.I have never been to cinema.I have ever been to Paris.注意： Have been to表示去过， have gone to表示去了试比较： I have been to London.(人已经回来 )He has gone to London.（人还在那里）5) 表示一种结果，一般不和时间副词联用例： I have lost my pen.I have hurt myself.He has become a t

14、eacher.She has broken my heart.变 疑问句 将助动词 移到句首 ，例： Have you lost your pen?变 否定句 在助动词后面 加 not.例： I have notlost my pen.肯定回答及否定回答例： Yes, I have. No, I have not.特殊疑问句：例： What have you done?What has he done?注意：一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用错： I ve left Beiji

15、ng for 3 days.对： I left Beijing 3 days ago. Ihave been away from being for 3 days.5. 一般将来时表示将来将要发生的动作，经常和 tomorrow, next year, the dayafter tomorrow, theyear after the next, in five hourstime, etc.表示将来的词联用结构：主语 +助动词 will+动词原形例： I will go to America tomorrow.The pilot will fly to Japan the monthafter

16、 the next.Jack will move into his new house tomorrowmorning.变 疑问句 将助动词 移到句首精品文档精品文档例： Will you go to America tomorrow?Will the pilot fly to Japan the month afterthe next?Will Jack move into his new house tomorrowmorning?变 否定句 在助动词后面 加 not例： I will not go to America tomorrow.The pilot will not fly to

17、 Japan the monthafter the next.Jack will not move into his new housetomorrow morning肯定回答及否定回答例： Yes, I will. No, I will not.Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not.Yes, he will. No, he will not.特殊疑问句：例： What will you do?6. 过去完成时：用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。结构： had+过去分词例： After she had finished h

18、er homework, shewent shopping. They had sold the car before I asked theprice. The train had left before I arrived at thestation.注意： After/before 引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。变 疑问句 将助动词 移到句首例： Had she finished her homework?变 否定句 在助动词后面 加 not例： She hadnt finished her homework.肯定回答及否定回答例： Yes, sh

19、e had. No, she hadnt.特殊疑问句：例： What had she done?7.过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作, 经常用在 when, while, as引导的状语从句中。结构： was/were+doing例： Whenmy husband was going intothe diningroomthismorning,he dropped some coinson the floor.While we were having dinner, my father waswatching TV.8过去将来时结构： would do例： She said she would

20、 go here the nextmorning.（二）特殊句型：therebe句型， be going to结构1. Be going to结构表示打算，准备，计划做某事结构：主语 +be 动词 +going to +动词原型例： I am going to make a bookcase.精品文档精品文档They are going to paint it.The father is going to give the bookcase tohis daughter.变疑问句将be 动词移到句首例： Are you going to make a bookcase?Are they goi

21、ng to paint it?Is the father going to give the bookcase tohis daughter?变否定句在be 动词后面加not例： I am not going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is not going to give thebookcase to his daughter.肯定回答及否定回答例： Yes, I am. No, I am not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.Yes, he is. No, he is

22、 not.特殊疑问句例： What are you going to do?What are they going to do?What is the father going to do?2. There be句型表示哪里有什么东西( 某处有某物 )? There is 单数名词表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）例： There is a book in this room.There is a pen on the table? There are 复数名词表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）例： There are two pens on the table.There are three sch

23、ools there.变疑问句将be 动词移到句首例： Is there a book in this room?Are there two pens on the table?变否定句在动词后面加not例： There is not a book in this room.There are not two pens on the table.肯定回答及否定回答例： Yes, there is. No, there is not.Yes, there are. No, there are not.（三）问句主要类型有：一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句，选择疑问句，否定疑问句1.

24、 一般疑问句 :助动词 /be 动词 +主语，通常可以用Yes 或者 No来回答。例： Are you a teacher?Do you want to have a cup of tea?回答： Yes, I am./No, I am not.2. 特殊疑问句 :精品文档精品文档特殊疑问词 +一般疑问句? What: 表示什么例： What is your name? Where: 表示在哪里，对地点进行提问例： Where is my book? Which: 表示哪一个（在一定范围内特指一样东西或一个人）当作为疑问代词时， which 通常单独使用例： Which is your fav

25、orite cup?Which are your favorite cups?当作为疑问形容词时， which 后面通常加上一个名词，构成特殊疑问名词短语例： Which cup is your favorite?Which cups are your favorite? 对国籍的提问你是哪国人？问： What nationality are you?回答： I m Chinese.注意：回答用“国籍”你来自哪里？问： Where are you from?=Whre do you come from?回答： I m from China.=I come from China.注意：回答用“国

26、家”? 对职业的提问What isyour job?=What are you? 对近况的提问问： How are you today?回答： Im very well, thank you.3. 选择疑问句关键词： or例“ Do you want beef or lamb?4. 反意疑问句肯定陈述句 +否定疑问部分，否定陈述部分 +肯定疑问部分例： The dog is lovely, isnt it?You dont need that pen, do you?5. 否定疑问句一般疑问句 +否定词例： Arent you lucky?Dont you want to have a res

27、t?精品文档精品文档（四） some和 any 、 many和 much的用法some, any共同点： 1.都可修饰可数名词或不可数名词2.都可以解释为“一些”区别：通常情况下， some用于肯定句， any 用于否定句和疑问句( 此时，两个词都解释为“一些”)例： I want some milk.I dont want any milk.Do you want any milk?特殊用法： 1. 当表示建议、 邀请，并期待得到对方的肯定回答时some也可以用在疑问句中，以下为三种句型：1） Would you like.?例: Would you like some coffee?2)

28、Do you want. ？（一般情况而言用 any 比较多，但是如果想要得到别人的肯定回答，可以用 some来提问）例： Do you want some juice? (回答为 Yes)3) What about.？例： What about some bread?2.当 any 表示“任何”的时候，也可以用在肯定句，且后面如果加可数名词，需要用单数例： Any one with a ticket can get into the park.many, much共同点：都可以解释为“很多”不同点： many修饰可数名词，much 修饰不可数名词例： I have many toy cars

29、.She has much money.注：在口语中表示“很多”一般不用many, much,而多用 a lotof,而在否定句中表示“很多”用 many, much.例： I have a lot of money.I don t have muchmoney.I dont have many apples.（五）名词分类：名词分为可数名词和不可数名词1.不可数名词含义：不可以分成个体的东西： water,tea, bread, milk, rice 抽象的东西： love, beauty, coldness 特点：不能用 a, an修饰不能加 s和单数 be 动词或动词搭配精品文档精品文档

30、注：不可数名词表达复数概念时，用量词修饰。例： a bottle of milktwo bottles of milka bar of chocolatetwo bars of chocolatea loaf of breadtwo loaves of breada pound of sugartwo pounds of sugar2.可数名词：特点：单数可数名词要用冠词修饰，有复数形式。名词复数形式 变化规则：一般情况 +s例：shopshopsbookbooks以 s, x, ch, sh, o结尾 +es口诀：蛇 (sh) 吃 (ch) 象 (x) 是(sh) 会死 (s) 的哦 (0)

31、例： fox foxeschurch churchesbusbuse sdish dishespotato potatoes以 o 结尾，除了Negro/hero /potato/tomato，通常加s口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿，剩下一般加s, radioradios以 f, fe结尾的，变f, fe为 ves例： lifeliveshalf halvesshelf shelvescity citieswife wives以辅音字母 +y 结尾 ,变 y 为 i+es例： skyskiesfly flies注：以元音字母+y 结尾的则直接加ed例： to ytoysboyboysdayda

32、ys不规则变化 的名词复数形式例： manmenwomanwomenfoot feetgoosegeesetooth teethsheepsheepchild childrendeer deermousemice国人复数变化：（部分）精品文档精品文档口诀：中日不变英法变，其余s 加后边ChineseChineseJapaneseJapaneseEnglishman EnglishmenFrenchmanFre nchmenGermanGermansItalianItalians（六） 情态动词的使用1情态动词can （能够） , must （必须） , may （可以）结构：主语 +can/m

33、ust/may+ 动词原型例： He can make the tea.Sally may air the room.We must speak English.变疑问句将情态动词移到句首例： Can he make the tea?May I open the door?Must we speak English?变否定句在情态动词后面加not例： He cannot make the tea.Sally maynot air the room.You mustntspeak loudlyhere.= Dontspeak loudlyhere. （这里 mustnt解释为不许、禁止的意思）特

34、殊疑问句：What can you do?注意：情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化，不要在情态动词或动词后面加S。2 Must/have to的区别must表示必须，是主观上觉得应该做，have to是不得不，是由于客观条件逼迫才做must只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里，而have to do可以用在任何时态3 must, may, might表示猜测：must do表示对现在事实的猜测 must have done 表示对过去事实的猜测 must have been doing表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测may/mightdo, may/mighthave done 表示没有任何事实依据

35、的猜测，might 的可能性更小。cant/couldnt表示不可能4 need用法：表示“需要”时为实意动词，后面可以加名词，也可以加不定式：例： I need a pen.Do you need any beer? No, Idont.I need to have a rest.注： Need doing=need to be done，表示被动例： The flowers need watering. = The flowers need to be watered.Need 在否定时做情态动词使用例： You neednt go so early. =You dont need tog

36、o so early.精品文档精品文档Must I clean the desk right now? No, youneednt. (我一定要现在把桌子擦干净么？不，你不需要)语法（七）感叹句、祈使句一. 感叹句1. 由 what 引导的感叹句。结构： What+a(an)+（形容词） +单数可数名词+主语 +谓语！例： What a beautiful girl she is! What+( 形容词） +可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语 +谓语！例： What kind women they are!What nice music it is!2. 由 how 引导的感叹句。结构： How

37、+形容词 ( 副词 )+ 主语 +谓语例： How beautiful the girl is!How quickly the boy is writing!3. what 与 how 引导的感叹句，一般情况下可以相互转换，转换后意义不变。例： What an interesting story it is!=How interesting the story is!what a beautiful building it is!=How beautiful the building is!注：在口语中，感叹句的主语和谓语常常省略。例： What a nice present!（省略 it is）How disappointed!（省略 she is）二. 祈使句1.含义：表达说话人对对方的叮嘱、劝告、请求或命令等，往往有表示请求、命令、希望、禁止、劝告等意思。2.特点：一般没有主语，实际上是省略了主语“ You”句末用感叹号或句号，用降调朗读。肯定结构都以动词原形开头。3.句型：肯定句 Do 型（以行为动词原形开头）例： Sit down坐下！Stand up起立！ Be 型（以 be 开头）例：