现代英语词汇学概论7-Sense-relations-between-wordsPPT课件

1、1 Chapter VII Sense Relations Between Words 2 Teaching Contents I. Synonymy 1.Definition 2.Kinds 3.Patterns 4.Use II.Antonymy 1.Definition 2.Types 3.Relevant points 4.Use III. Hyponymy IV. Semantic Field 3 Key Points I. Synonymy 1.Definition 2.Kinds 3.Patterns 4.Use II.Antonymy 1.Definition 2.Types

2、and differentiation 4.Use III. Hyponymy 1.Definition 2. Use IV. Semantic Field 1.Definition 2.Features 4 Difficult Points 1.Differentiation and use of synonyms 2.Charicteristics of and differences between the three kinds of antonyms 5 .Synonymy(同义关系同义关系): Relationship between synonyms 1.Definition o

3、f synonyms(同义词同义词): Synonyms are better defined as words having the same essential or generic meaning, that is , denotative meaning, and differing in connotation, application, or idiomatic use, etc. 6 2.Kinds of synonyms: 1.) Complete/absolute synonyms(完全同义词完全同义词): words whose meaning is fully ident

4、ical in any context so that one can always be substituted for the other without the slightest change in meaning. spirant 近义词近义词) Quasi-synonymous words: in degree of a given quality or in shade of meaning (语义色彩语义色彩) Difference in degree of a given quality: 1.My bedroom is smaller than yours. 2.Fleas

5、 are tiny insects. 3.The diminutive suffix -ling in “duckling” denotes affection. 4.The office is minute, with barely room for a desk and two chairs. 5.a microscopic plant 6.The bodys annual intake of metallic iron is infinitesimal. 8 Difference in shade of meaning: 1.decline an invitation to dinner

6、 2.those who accepted the offer and those who rejected it 3.refuse a child permission to go out 9 in affective meaning, and stylistic meaning: Difference in affective meaning: a small room poor little boy 10 Appreciative/Favourab le thrifty/frugal（节俭的） bravery（勇敢,勇气） firm（坚定的,坚决的） intellectual（知识分子）

7、 black（黑人） Derogatory/Unfavoura ble niggardly/miserly（吝啬的） foolhardiness（蛮勇） pigheaded（顽固的） egghead（书呆子） nigger（黑鬼） 11 Difference in stylistic meaning: man (neutral) chap /fellow /bird (colloquial) guy/bozo (slang) gent (vulgar/jocular) 12 in collocation and distribution Difference in collocation: s

8、ail a small boat驾驶小船 teach arithmetic教算术 scholarly intelligence学者的 智慧 offering to a church向教堂 捐赠 navigate a liner驾驶客轮 inculcate doctrine谆谆教诲 animal cunning动物的狡猾 dole to the unemployed救 济失业者 13 Difference in distribution: He is the greatest living scientist. He is the greatest scientist alive. Dont d

9、isturb the sleeping old lady in the next room. Dont disturb the old lady asleep in the next room. 14 3.Patterns of synonyms: 1.) The double scale pattern: native(informal)-borrowed(learned) English Latin bodily corporeal friendship amity hearty cordial motherly maternal to tire to fatigue 15 native(

10、literary)-borrowed (common) English Latin dale valley deed action foe enemy meed reward 16 2.) The triple scale pattern: native-borrowed-another borrowed English French Latin ask question interrogate fast firm secure fire flame conflagration fear terror trepidation goodness virtue probity holy sacre

11、d consecrated rise mount ascend time age epoch 17 4.Use of synonyms: 1.) The choice and use of synonyms: Avoiding repetition: We were greatly (much) surprised to see so great (large) a number of people assembled, evidently for some great (important) occasion. 18 Achieving precision in meaning: To ta

12、ke off her boots or to put them on was an agony (very great mental or physical pain) to her, but it had been an agony for years. In fact, she was so accustomed to the pain (suffering or distress of body or mind) that her face was drawn and screwed up ready for the twinge (a sudden, brief, darting pa

13、in) before shed so much as untied the laces. 19 Achieving variety in style: As yet I had spoken to no one, nor did anybody seem to take notice of me; I stood lonely (a.) enough, but to that feeling of isolation (n.) I was accustomed 20 Avoiding vulgarness or offending others grave-resting place to l

14、ie-to distort the facts drunk-elevated 21 Used for emphasis: There are temporary setbacks and reverses. We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. He has so long thrived and prospered. We will never parley, we will never negotiate 22 2) Synonym also includes three aspects: Synonyms of

15、different word-classes: jealous &jealousy Words synonymous with phrases: to tolerate & to put up with Different sentence patterns expressing roughly the same idea: He was the sole provider of the family. He alone had to support the family. He was the only person to provide for the family. 23 3)Fake

16、synonyms: having no similar or identical denotative meaning doubt & suspect: 怀疑怀疑, 疑心疑心 object & oppose反对反对 24 II.Antonymy: Relationship between antonyms (oppositeness of meaning) 1.Definition of antonyms: Words that are opposite 25 2.Types of antonyms: 1.) According to semantic contrast（语义（语义 对比）对比

17、）: Contraries相对性反义词相对性反义词 Complementaries互补反义词互补反义词 Conversives换位反义词换位反义词 2.) According to morphological structure (形态结构形态结构): Root antonyms词根反义词词根反义词 Derivational antonyms派生反义词派生反义词 26 1.) According to semantic contrast（语义（语义 对比）对比）: Contraries相对性反义词相对性反义词 /graded antonyms: rich & poor heavy & ligh

18、t deep & shallow 27 Gradability可分级性可分级性:degree of the quality involved: rich very rich richer richest Relativity相对性相对性:intermediate terms between the two opposites: rich-well-to-do-well-off-moderately wealthy-comfortably off-hard up- poor 28 Other contraries: fool & wise man (n.) to love & to hate (

19、v.) up & down (ad.) a few & many (determiner) 29 Complementaries互补反义词互补反义词 Contradictories词义矛盾词义矛盾/对立性反义词对立性反义词: alive & dead single & marriedcomplementaries present & absent 30 Binary semantic opposition Absoluteness绝对性绝对性: the assertion of one implying the denial of the other Being nongradable: ne

20、ither modified by adverbs nor handled in terms of comparison and admitting no intermediate members This woman is neither alive nor dead.(F) This woman is neither rich nor poor. (T) 31 Conversives换位反义词换位反义词 Relational opposites相对关系词相对关系词/关系对立关系对立 词词: lend & borrow husband & wife employer & employee 3

21、2 Binary opposition Interdependence of meaningone member presupposes the other The definition of reciprocal social roles Spatial relationship 33 2.) According to morphological structure (形态结构形态结构): Root antonyms词根反义词词根反义词: words with different roots Deep & shallow To love & to hate Up & down 34 Deri

22、vational antonyms派生反义词派生反义词: words with the same roots having negative affixes Happy unhappy Conformist Nonconformist Code Decode Harmful harmless 35 3.Relevant points about antonyms: 1.) Marked（有标记项）（有标记项） Unmarked members（无标记（无标记 项）项）: Unmarked members tiger old big wide heavy Carrying no particul

23、ar implication (general笼统的) How big is it? size of something Marked members tigress young small narrow light Carrying a certain implication of distinctiveness (specific具体的) How small is it? degree of smallness 36 2.) Some words without antonyms: Not all words have antonyms. Antonyms are found in Qua

24、litative adjectives: clean & dirty Some nouns:love & hatred Some verbs:to agree & to disagree Some adverbs:loudly & softly Determiners:few & many 37 3.) Different antonyms under different circumstances: Polysemic word: fast (fixed firmly)-loose/insecure fast (steadfast, loyal)-disloyal fast (dissipa

25、ted, pleasure seeking)-temperate, sober, moderate) 38 Different contexts: an old man-a young man an old house-a modern/new house 39 Different collocations： fresh bread-stale bread fresh air-stuffy air fresh flowers-faded flowers 40 The same collocations： a clever (quick in learning) worker-a stupid

26、worker a clever (skillfiul) worker-a clumsy worker 41 4.) Lexical antonyms vs. syntactic negation: impossible-not possible unfair-not fair Stronger 42 5.) Word order of antonymous pairs: heaven and earth fire and water man and wife heat and cold cause and effect eat and drink the same as the opposit

27、e of the Chinese Chinese counterpart equivalents 43 4.Use of antonyms: Use contrast of antonyms to impress the listener or reader. Antithesis对偶对偶 Sweet as honey, bitter as gall. Art is long, life is short. 44 III. Hyponymy（上下义关（上下义关 系）系）: Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is included in the latter. The general lexical item: vague & trite a superordinate term（支配词，上义词，同类概括词） an upper term T