同位语从句及同位语

1、10级 A 班第六组作业同位语从句一.同位语从句的概念 在复合句中用作名词的从句叫同位语从句，其主要用途是对前面的名词做进一步解释， 说明该名词的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常是： news,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message ,suggestion,word, possibility,order,fear,proof,belief,advise,demand,problem,request,truth,wish 等 例句 :I just got wordthat he is not coming this evening.W

2、eh aven t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. The Mona Lisa is widely seen as proofthat good looks can last for ever.There is no doubtthat he is guilty.There is great doubtwhether he did so or not.二同位语从句的先行词同位语从句的先行词通常是抽象名词，常见的有：idea, situation thought, fact, ev

3、idence,belief, doubt, fear, hope, question, theory, news, order, ability等等。例句：How did the cheats explain the fact that the Emperor didnt feel the new clothes in him? 皇帝觉得身上并没有穿上新衣，对这个问题骗子是怎样解释的 ?The news that his heath is failing made us sad. 他健康状况不佳的消息使我们很难过。I have no idea where they are spending t

4、heir holidays. 我不知道他们在哪里度假。The question who should do the work requires consideration. 谁该干这项工作的问题需要考虑There is no doubt that he will come here again.他会再来这里， 这是毫无疑问的。He was tortured by the doubt whether he would accept their presents. 他被是否接受他们的礼物这个疑虑所折磨着。三同位语从句的引导词1. 连词 that 引导同位语从句The idea that you c

5、an do this work well without thinking is quite wrong. 你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。（作idea 的同位语）He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱，给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。以下名词常用于以上句型：advice, announcement, argument, belief, claim, conclusion, decision, evidence, explanation

6、, fact, feeling, hope, idea, impression, information, knowledge, message, news, opinion, order, probability, promise, proposal,remark, reply, report, saying, statement, suggestion, thought, treat, warning, wish, word【注意 1】 在某些名词 (如 demand, wish, suggestion, resolution 等 )后面的同位语从句要用虚 拟语气。如：There was

7、a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 有一项建议是布朗应该离队。The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman. 采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried. 允许妇女参加这个协会的决议通过了。I can understand their eagerness that you should be the main

8、 speaker. 我理解他们希望你作主要发言人的殷切心情。【注意 2】 引导同位语从句的连词 that 通常不省略，在非正式语体中 that 可以省略。He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱，给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。2. 连词 whether 引导同位语从句The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor.我 们是 否请专家

9、由家庭医生来定。We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。【注意】 whether 可引导同位语从句，但 if 不能引导同位语从句。whether “是否”可以引导：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句。 if “是否”，只能引导宾语从句和表语从句，不能引导主语从句。3其它引导词引导的同位语从句连接代词 what, who, whom, whose, which 引导同位语从句1) .I have no idea what size shoes she wear我s.不知道她穿几

10、号的鞋。( what 作定语)2) .I have no idea which wine is best its a matter of personal taste我. 不知道哪种酒最好，这 是个人口味的问题。( which 作定语)3) .The question who will take his place is still not clear. ( who 作主语)4. 连接副词引导同位语从句连接副词 when, where, how, whyWe havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summ

11、er vacation到. 哪儿 去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。四同位语从句的用法 掌握同位语从句的用法要注意以下两个问题：1. 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面， 而是被别的词隔开， 以使得 整个句子的结构显得平衡，即为分离同位语从句。例如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.他从玛丽那里获知了运动会被推迟的消息。 / Word came that Hussein had been captured. 侯赛因已 被捕的消息传来。2. 同位语从句和定语从句结构相似， 通常位于某一名词或代词后

12、面， 但两者存在明 显区别： 同位语从句对名词性成分加以补充说明， 是该名词性成分具体内容的体现 ( 相当于名词的作用 ) 。 that 引导的同位语从句中引导词 that 不在该同位语从句中充当句子成分， 但不能被省略， 同位语从句还可以用 whether 、 how 等连词引导 ( 定语从句则不能 ) 。定语 从句对先行词加以限制或修饰、 说明先行词的性质或特征 (相当于形容词的作用 )， 定语从 句的引导词均在该定语从句中充当特定的句子成分 (that 在其引导的限定性定语从句中充 当主语、 宾语或者表语， 充当定语从句中宾语的 that 经常可被省略 ) 。注意体会以下四组 例句：(1

13、) 第一组例句： We can t solve the problem how we can travel faster than light. 不了如何才能超过光的速度这个问题。(how 引导的从句表示其前面的名词 the problem 的具体内容， 属于同位语从句 ) I can t remember the problem that they have.我记不得他们的问题了。( 引导词 that 就是 that 引导的从句中 have 的宾语， the problem 的具体内容也没有 得到说明， 故本句中 that 引导的从句是修饰 problem(2) 第二组例句： I won t

14、 believe the fact that he lied to his mother. 谎的事实。(that 引导同位语从句对 fact 的具体内容进行说明， 分) I won t believe the fact (that) he told me.的定语从句 )我们解决我不愿相信他对母亲撒that 在其中不充当具体的句子成我不愿相信他告诉我的事实。(that 引导定语从句对 fact 进行限定， that 在该从句中充当宾语 )(3) 第三组例句： The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(that 引导同位语从句对 news

15、的具体内容进行说明， 分) The news that he told me is that Tom would go a 的消息是汤姆来年将出国。( 句中的第一个 that 引导定语从句限定先行词(4) 第四组例句： We have no idea at all where he has gone. (where 引导同位语从句说明 idea 的具体内容 That s the place where he was born. (where 引导定语从句限定先行词 place)汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。that 在其中不充当具体的句子成broad next year. 他告诉我news，第二个

16、 that 引导表语从句 )我们根本不知道他去哪里了。 )那是他出生的地方。五同位语从句和定语从句的区别1. 从句所修饰词的不同。同位语从句所修饰词通常是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词，如 belief , doubt , fact , hope , idea , news , possibility , thought , order , suggestion wish , answer , information , conclusion , decision , discovery , knowledge , law , opinion , problem , promise , proof

17、 , question , report , truth , risk等。定语从句的先行词可以指人、物等2. 连接词的作用不同。连接同位语从句的 that 只起连接作用，不在从句中担任任何句子 成分。 whether 和 how 可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。关系代词和关系副词 除了连接从句的作用外，还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分，如主语、宾语、定语、表语 等。引导定语从句的连接词是关系词，常见的关系代词和关系副词有 that , which , who , whose , whom , when , where , why , as， than, but 等。3. 从句作用的不同

18、。 定语从句具有形容词或副词的特点， 对先行词起修饰、 限定作用， 描述先行词的性质或特征， 与先行词之间是所属关系。 同位语从句具有名词的特点， 对中心 词作进一步补充解释，是中心词的具体内容。 注：同位语从句是对名词加以说明，而定语从句是对名词加以限定修饰。 区分同位语从句和定语从句有一种简便方法，就是将“名词 +that ”结构取出，能在名词和 that 之间加上 be 动词构成一个表语从句的，则是同位语从句，否则是定语从句。I have got some news that you may not have heard. （定语从句）The news that Russia had s

19、olved the hostage crisis spread all over the world.（ 同位语从句 ） 上面第二句前半部分可变为： The news is that Russia had solved the hostage crisis.同位语边缘知识归纳一、什么叫同位语 当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时， 若其中一个句子成分是用于说明或 解释另一个句子成分的，那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。如：Laura Myers, a BBC reporter, asked for an interview. 劳拉迈尔， BBC的记者，要求采访。

20、Influenza, a common disease, has no cure.流行性感冒是一种常见病，无特效药。Mary, one of the most intelligent girls I know, is planning to attend the university. 玛丽是我所认识的最聪敏的姑娘之一，她正准备上大学。Who is that man, the first in the front row?前排第一个人是谁 ?We have two children, a boy and a girl.我们有两个孩子，一个男孩和一个女孩。以上所举的同位语例子都是同位语的基本形式

21、，一般不会出错。但有几种同位语，或由 于身本结构特殊， 或由于它修饰的成分结构比较特殊， 往往会引起误解。 现小结并举例说明 如下。、特殊同位语归纳1. 代词 we, us, you 等后接同位语Are you two reading? 你们二人在看书吗 ?They three joined the school team.他们 3 人参加了校队。She has great concern for us students.她对我们学生很关心。他要你们男孩子安静些。He asked you boys to be quiet.We girls often go to the movies toge

22、ther. 2. 不定式用作同位语Soon came the order to start the general attack. （to start the general attack与 the order我们女孩子经常一起去看电影。很快下达了发起总攻的命令。同位）He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up.他照吩咐沿某一条街走，我在那里接他上了车。3. -ing 分词用作同位语He s getting a job tonight driving a truck. （dri

23、ving a track与 a job 同位 ）She got a place in a laundry ironing shirts.（to walk along 与 the instruction 同位 ） 他今晚得到一个开卡车的差事。 她在一家洗衣店得到一个熨衣服的职位。（ironing shirts 与 a place 同位 ）The first plan, attacking at night, wasturned down. 第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。（attacking at night与 the first plan同位 ）4. 形容词用作同位语The current aff

24、air, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou. 目前的交易会，是有史以来规模最大的，正在广州举行。He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. 他读了很多书，古今中外都有。People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 老老少少的人都来到街头观看游行。【注 】这类同位语与定语比较接近，可转换成定语从句。如：The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.=The current affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being h