中国文化通览资料

1、Tran slati on of Useful Expressi onsChin ese expressi onsEn glish Tran slati on黄河流域Yellow River Valley文化融合，政治统一Cultural fusi on and political unity游牧部落no madic tribesme n疆域Territory; realm; fron tier小农经济The small-scale peasa nt economy封建主经济Suzera in / la ndlord / own er-peasa nt economy自然经济形态The n a

2、tural econo mic patter n农、林、牧、副、渔Agriculture, forestation, herding, fishing and third industry cooperati on中原The Cen tral pla ins重农轻商Encourage farming, limit commerce24节气The 24 Solar Terms战国时期The Warri ng States period男耕女织The man cultivati ng the land and the woma n weav ing at home自给自足的自然经济Self-suf

3、ficient natural economy一盘散沙A sheet of loose sand草根阶层The grass-roots level人头税The poll tax水能载舟，亦能覆舟The water that carries the boat can also overtur n it.多元一体In tegrated pluralism吐故纳新Discard the old and embrace the new炎黄子孙the desce ndants of Yandi and Huan gdi礼仪之邦The land of cerem ony and propriety大一统观

4、念The con cepti on of great n ati onal unitytrzt EL-rV-甲骨文The inscriptions on tortoise shells or animal bones铭文The inscriptions on bronze or copper wares象形、指事、会意、形声（examples）Pictographs, self-expla natory, associative compou nds, pictopho netic method四书五经The Four Books and The Five Classics书同文、行同伦The

5、 standardized written language and behaviors儒、道、佛、法家Confucianism,Classical Taoist thinking,Buddhism, the LegalistSchool焚书坑儒Bur n books and bury Con fucia n scholars alive无为而治To gover n by doing no thi ng独尊儒术、罢黜百家Pay supreme tribute to Con fucia nism while banning all other schools of thoughts四大发明Fou

6、r Great Inven ti ons of An cie nt China:1) the inven ti on of paper making tech no logy2) the art of pr inting3) the making of the gun powder4) the compass守内虚外Internal defe nse and exter nal slacke ning重文轻武Lay stress on the cultural achievement while make light of the military exploits清明上河图The scrol

7、l of pain ti ng: the festival of Pure Bright ness on theRiverChin ese expressi onsEn glish Tran slati on求和谐，主平衡Seek for Harmony and Maintaining Equilibrium消灾祈福Avert calamities and pray for blessings临时抱佛脚Clasp Buddha s feet when in trouble seek help at the lastmome nt六合The six realms of Heaven and Ea

8、rth, East and West, North and South内圣外王Intern alized as cultivati on and exter nalized as gover nance of virtue真诚、正心、修身Sincerity, integrity and intellectual cultivation齐家治国平天下Keep your family in order, govern the state effectivelyand bringpeace to the world中庸The golde n mean天人合一Onen ess of man and n

9、 ature大一统Great Natio nal Unity集体利益Values of Collectivism/ Collective in terest人伦Huma n relati ons普天之下莫非王土，率 土之滨莫非王臣All the land un der the sun bel ongs to the king; all the people with in this cou ntry are the king s subjects.史记The Historical Records宗族关系The patriarchal relati ons赴汤蹈火Go through fire

10、and water中华民族的脊梁The spiritual tower of Chin ese n ati on否极泰来Out of depth of misfortu ne comes bliss以柔克刚Con quer the rigid with the gen tle一张一弛Alter nate tension with relaxati on仁者爱人The ben evole nt love others仁政Ben evole nt gover nment以民为本People are the foun dati on of the state民为贵，社稷次之，君 为轻People c

11、ome first, the state comes sec ond and the king third性善论The theory of origi nal good ness of huma n n ature小国寡民A small state with a small populati on无为而治The rule of in acti on汉代经学Imperial Confucianism in the Han Dynasty课堂重点1) The Four Books (The Great Learning , The Doctrine of the Mean , The Confuc

12、ian Analects , and The Works of Mencius ) and The Five Classics (The Book of Poetry , The Book of History , The Book of Rites , The Book of Changes, and The Spring and AutumnAnnals ) cover a wide range of subjects and are the most important textbooks for the Confucian scholars to disseminate the edu

13、cational thoughts of the Confucian School and a must for ancient scholars who had to pass the imperial competitive examination to become government officials.2) The Great Learning is about the cultivation of ones moral character and the wisdoms of governing a country during the“daxue” (or greatlearn

14、ing or higher education) period of ancient China.3) The Confucian Analects or The Analects embodies the Confucian concept of ren or humanity or benevolence, and another concept of yi or righteousness.4) The Works of Mencius embodies the philosophical and political thinking of Mencius. He developed a

15、nd enriched the“ren and yi theory” ofConfucius and supposed that every manis good by nature, and called for a benevolent government.5) The Book of History is an incomplete collection of the history of ancient China. It is an invaluable reference for the study of the primitive and feudal societies in

16、 ancient China and is the source of narrative writing in China as well. This book consists of three parts: the exhortations, oaths or declarations by the lords to their subjects;the advice or suggestions of the subjects to their lord; folklores or other materials6) The Spring and AutumnAnnals is a c

17、anonical book of history. It consists of three Commentaries: the Commentary of Zuo focuses on history; the Commentaries of Gongyang and Guliang concentrate on comments on historical events.7) Beijing Opera emerged in Qing Dynasty, when Kun opera was gradually on the wane because it was only enjoyed

18、by the nobles in the royal court, not the general public. It is a treasure of the Chinese nation as well as a cultural symbol of China, and is enjoyed by a large Chinese audience.8) Classification of Beijing Opera9) Figure painting is the earliest kind of traditional Chinese painting; It reflects to

19、 a great degree aesthetic and artistic thinking of Confucian scholars, with the aim to rectify ones mind and makepeople abstain from their desires. It is divided into five major categories: gongbi (detailed brushwork), jianbi (sketchy brushwork), xieyi (free hand brushwork), baimiao (outline drawing

20、), and pomo (splash-ink).10) Traditional Chinese landscape painting embodies the Chinese people s conception of nature, their aesthetic awareness, and their wisdom and sentiment. It is a unique tradition of Chinese landscape painting to create artistic conception( viz. to seek a unity of form and sp

21、irit, of human feelings and natural settings, with an emphasis on the expression of the painter s own thoughts and feelings).11) Calligraphy is native to China; it is a traditional art with a longhistory and national characteristic features. It has five major scripts, namely the Seal Character, Official Script, Regular Script, Running Script, and Cursive Script12) Four