第六章紧急情况下的航班运行

1、 1 概述概述 Outline 2 紧急情况下的处置程序紧急情况下的处置程序 Handling Procedure under the emergency 3 案例分析案例分析 Case studies 1 紧急情况 Emergency 飞行中的紧急情况是指飞行中突然发生飞 机、发 动机、仪表设备部分或全部的失效，其性质和程度直接严 重威胁飞机和人员安全的情况。 The emergency during the flight refers to the conditions that some or all part of the airplane, engine and instrument

2、s are inoperable which directly threaten the safety of both the airplane and people. 飞行机组应当熟知紧急情 况处置程序，提高紧急情 况下的应变和处置。 The flight crew should familiar with the emergency-dealing procedure, improve the strain capacity under the emergency. 发动机部分或全部失效； some or all part of the engine is inoperable 飞机在空中

3、起火及其他火警; the airplane is on fire in the flight and other fire alarm 迷航；迫降； drifting off course; force landing 遇劫机和爆炸威胁或不明危险物品; hijacking and the threaten of explosive or Unknown hazardous materials 座舱失密； cabinet losing density 起落架系统故障； the malfunction of undercarriage 刹车系统失效； the malfunction of brak

4、ing system 液压系统失效； the malfunction of hydraulic system 通信设备失效（失去通信联络）； the malfunction of communication system (losing communication ) 操纵系统故障等 ; the malfunction of operational system 紧急情况的等级和联络信号 the degree of emergency and communicating signals 飞行中飞机和人员的安全受到威胁时，但不需要立即救 援的情况称为紧急情况，紧急信号：电报用“XXX”，话 用“

5、PAN”。 The emergency refers to the safety of the airplane and crew are threatened, but the instant rescue is not needed, emergency signal: “XXX”, talking ”PAN” 飞行中的飞机和人员XXX的安全受到严重威胁，需要立 即救援的情况，称为遇险。遇险信号：电报用“SOS”， 话用“MAYDAY”。 The airplane wreck refers to the safety of the airplane and crew are threate

6、ned, and the instant rescue is needed, telegraph signal: “XXX”, talking ”PAN” 遇险的飞机可用当时与地面电台联系的频率重复发出遇险 信号，同时打开并将应答机置于“A7700”；飞机遭劫持时， 应将应答机置于“7500”。 The wrecked airplane can use the frequency which used to contact with the broadcasting station to repeatedly transmit wreck signal, at the same time, t

7、he crew should open and set the responder on “A7700”, when the airplane is hijacked, the crew should set the responder on “7500” 海上飞行时，遇险信号应当用500千赫或2182千赫的频率 发出；遇险的飞机可通过121.5兆赫或243兆赫的频率报告 飞机位置，遇险性质和所需救援信息。 When flying on the sea, the wreck signal should use 500 Hz or 2182 Hz, and the polite can use

8、121.5 megahertz or 243 megahertz to report airplane location and the characteristics of wreck and the rescue information 飞机遇险时，飞机外灯光的使用为：重复打开/关闭着陆 灯和航行灯。 When the airplane is wrecked, the using way of the outer light of the airplane: repeat opening or closing the landing light and the navigation lig

9、ht. 任何紧急情况之前，机长必须保证飞机的航径和飞机状态 已经得到安全控制，必须有明确的机组分工，任何时候主 操纵飞行员不得脱离对飞行仪表的监控。 The polite in command must ensure that the route and the mode of the airplane are controlled safety under any emergency, and PF must monitor the flight instrument at any time, and the clear division of the labor in crew n机长应及

10、时向就近的ATC报告飞行情况，并宣布紧急状态， 请求必要的指挥和应急服务援助；如果需要偏离ATC部门 许可，应尽快获得一个新的许可。 The polite in command should report the flight condition to the nearest ATC as soon as possible, and declare the emergency condition and ask for the necessary command and emergency service aid; if the conditions does not meet the ATC

11、 command, the polite should request a new clearance as soon as possible. n在飞机中断起飞、发动机或机上任何形式的火警、飞机被 劫持、机上有爆炸物或危险物的泄漏等紧急情况下，构成 对其邻近的建筑、飞机或人员威胁时，禁止将飞机滑行到 接近候机楼和/或停场飞机较多的拥挤地带。 Under the condition of the abortion ,the fire alarm of engine or any other form in the airplane, hijacking , and explosive in t

12、he airplane or the disclosure of the hazardous objects, and those conditions threaten the near construction, airplane, and people; the airplane should not taxi to the place where is near the lounge of the airport or the places crowed with many airplane. 严格按照严格按照QRH处置飞机发动机、飞机系统或部件发生的处置飞机发动机、飞机系统或部件发生

13、的 故障。故障。 One should strictly follow the QRH procedure to deal with the malfunction of the engine, airplane system or parts malfunction. n飞行机组处置紧急情况的同时，有必要与客舱乘务组联络， 通知紧急情况性质、行动意图和计划、客舱注意事项等， 使客舱乘务组协助处理紧急情况。 When the polite is dealing with the emergency, they also should contact with the flight attend

14、ants to inform them of the characteristic of the emergency, intention plan and the matters needing attention and so on, thus the flight attendants can help the polite deal with the emergency situation. 在起飞滑跑后，决断速度之前，如发现跑道有障碍物，飞 机、发动机、仪表设备发生故障影响飞行安全时，应立即 中断起飞； before the V1 and after the taking off,

15、if the polite find that obstacles on the runway, the malfunction of the airplane, engine, instrument which affected the flight safety, and the polite should immediately abandon taking-off. n飞行中发生特殊情况，不能继续飞往着陆机场，应当选择 最近合适机场着陆，并及时报告空中交通管制部门和签派 部门； if there is some particular condition happened during

16、the flight, and the airplane can not arrive at the destination, the polite should chose the most nearest and suitable field to land, at the same time, they should report the condition to the ATC and dispatcher as soon as possible. n如果不能继续飞行，需要迫降时，应当立即报告空中交通 管制部门和签派部门。报告内容：航班号、飞机号、故障 情况、迫降时间、地点。迫降时按迫

17、降和应急撤离程序进 行。 If the airplane can not continue flying and needs a force landing, the polite should report the condition to the ATC and dispatcher as soon as possible. The report content including: flight number, airplane number, the malfunction, the time and location of the force landing and so on. T

18、he force landing should carry out under the procedure of force landing and emergency evacuation. 当航空器、发动机飞行中受到损伤，应当避免剧 烈动作和大速度飞行； when the airplane or the engine are damaged during the flight, the airplane should avoid fierce movement and fly under a big speed 在飞行中发生升降舵、副翼操纵纲索或连杆之一 断裂并遇到上升下降气流判断已不可能

19、飞到最近 机场时，应当立即选择场地迫降； when the elevator, one of the ailerons operational tight wire or link damaged or the airplane encounters the updrafts and downdrafts, which make the airplane can not arrive at the destination, the polite should immediately choose the force landing field n当发动机故障中断起飞后无法将飞机刹住，而前 方有

20、深沟或障碍物，应当向故障发动机一侧转弯， 避免掉进深沟或与障碍物相撞。 When the airplane abandon taking-off and the braking system is inoperable, and there are zanjon and obstacles in the front. 岗位职责 position statement 4.1 机长的职责 the responsibility of the captain 在紧急情况下，机长应判明情况，正确决断，确定行动意 图，组织指挥全体机组成员依照国际民航紧急程序要求正 确处置，并对处置后果负责； In the

21、 emergencies, the captain should ascertain the situation, decide exactly, make sure the purpose of act, organize and command the crew disposing exactly according to international aviation emergency procedure, and take charge of the consequence of disposing; 4.1 机长的职责机长的职责 the responsibility of the c

22、aptain n采用最迅速的手段直接或通过最近的ATC或公司签派部门 报告紧急或事故情况及援助需求信息； nAdopt the most rapid means or report emergencies or the case of accident and assistance information by the latest ATC or the department of dispatcher of the company; n机长对飞机的安全运行拥有最后决定权和处置权， 但当时间允许，在行使权力之前应考虑机组其他 成员的提示和建议。 Each polite in command h

23、as full control and authority in the operation of the aircraft, if the time is permitted, the polite in command can consider other crew members suggestions. 4.1 机长的职责 the responsibility of the captain 在必须撤离飞机的紧急情况下，机长必须并首先组织旅客 安全撤离飞机，在明确飞机所载人员已经全部离开遇险飞 机之后，最后离开飞机； In the emergency of evacuating from

24、 the airplane necessarily, the captain must and first organize passengers evacuate from the airplane in safety, and leave the airplane finally in making sure that all the passengers in the airplane have already left the distressed airplane; 未经机长同意，机组人员不得擅自离开飞机； The crew should not leave the airplane

25、 without the permission of the captain; 4.1 机长的职责机长的职责 the responsibility of the captain n在飞行中遇到危险天气，地面设施或导航设施不正常时， 并且认为这些情况对其他飞机的安全十分重要，应当尽快 通知有关的地面站或ATC人员、签派员。 When coming across dangerous weather in the flight, ground environment and navaids facilities being abnormally, and supposing that these c

26、ases were very important to the safety of other airplanes, one should notice related terrestrial station、 ATC members and dispatchers。 4.1 机长的职责机长的职责 the responsibility of the captain 4.1 机长的职责机长的职责 the responsibility of the captain n紧急情况处置完成后， 机长应向公司签派部门 和安全部门提交书面报 告。 After disposing all the emerge

27、ncies, the captain should hand in a written report to the department of the company. 判断阶段，保持机组分工不变；处置阶段，机长 作为主操纵驾驶员；决断阶段，机长可重新进行 分工。 Keep the division of labor of the crew invariable in the period of judgment; the captain should be the manager; the captain can renew the division of labor. 听从机长指挥，并积极

28、提供信息和建议；协助机 长确定处置方案和/或进近相关操作；及时提醒， 避免失误。 Following the commanding of the captain, and providing information and proposed actively; assisting the captain in making sure of disposition scheme and (or) coherent operation; reminding in time to avoid mistake. 4.4 签派员职责签派员职责 The Duty of the Dispatcher 签派员

29、在接到机长紧急情况通知后，应当把情况报告给直 接负责运行该设施的机场。签派员在飞行期间发现需要立 即决断和处置的紧急情况时,应当将紧急情况通知机长，确 实弄清机长的决断，并且作好记录。 After receives the emergency notification disseminated by the captain, the dispatcher should report the situation directly to the airport which is responsible for operating the facility. When the dispatcher

30、finds out the emergency that should be decided and solved immediately during the flight, the dispatcher should notify the captain, affirm the captains decision, and take the note. n在上述情况下,该签派员不能与机组取得联系,则应当宣布 进入紧急状态,并采取以下行动：完成签派紧急检查单上 规定的通知和紧急程序；需要时通知有关的不值班的人员 到场；在紧急情况结束后通知所有有关部门和人员；在此 种情况下为保证飞行安全应当采

31、取的其他行动，并作好详 细记录。 Under this situation, if the dispatcher cannot contact the captain, he should accounce the emergency, and take actions as following: accomplish the notification and the emergency procedure prescribed on the emergency check list; notify the related not-on-duty staff to present; after

32、 the emergency situation, notify all the related departments and staffs; under such situation, take other actions to ensure the safety and take notes carefully. 完成所有由机长或者签派发出的命令或者要求；保持与签 派的联系；保证签派能得到有关地面条件和航站准备情况 的准确、完整的资料；通知需要的不值班人员到场；将通 讯和所采取的措施作详细的记录；将详情记录呈报公司飞 行安全部门。 Accomplish all the demands a

33、nd requirements made by captain or dispatcher; keep touch with the dispatcher; ensure the dispatcher can obtain the accurate and complete preparation information of the ground situation and the airport; inform the not-on-duty staff to present; take detailed notes of communication and the actions tha

34、t have been taken; report the detailed notes to the flight safety department. 5.1 机长的权力 The captains rights 在需要立即决断和处置的紧急情况下，机长可 以采取他认为在此种情况下为保证飞行安全应 当采取的任何行动。 Under the emergency situation which needs to be decided and solved immediately, the captain should take any action which can ensure the flig

35、ht safety. 在此种情况下，机长可以在保证安全所需要空 中交通管制部门许可的范围内偏离规定的运行 程序与方法、天气最低标准和其他规定。 When emergency occurs, the captain can deviate the prescribe operation procedure and method, the minima standard of weather, and other rules which is needed to ensure the safety within the permission of the air traffic control d

36、epartment. 当任何情况和条件危及安全时，或当出现不正常情况， 经评估这种情况的各种因素之后，机长确信存在可能 演变成紧急情况时，为确保安全，机长有权公布紧急 状态。 When any situation and condition which endangers the safety or abnormal situation occurs, the captain firmly believes that the condition would possibly become the emergency by evaluating various elements. And whe

37、n it occurs, the captain has the authority to announce the emergency condition. n机长可以授权某飞行机组成员首先发现紧急情况 而又来不及通知机长，其可以采取必要的行动确 保飞行安全，并设法将危急情况报告机长。 nThe captain can authorize the member of the crew to take action to ensure the safety of the flight and then try to inform the captain if he finds the emer

38、gency firstly and does not have time to tell the captain. 5.2 签派员的权利签派员的权利 dispatchers right 飞行签派员在飞行期间发现需要其立即决断和处置的紧急情 况时，应当将紧急情况通知机长，确实弄清机长的决断，并 且应当将该决断作出记录。 During flight, when there is an emergency situation need to decide and handle, dispatcher should inform the situation to the captain, and cl

39、eared and write down the decision from the captain. 5.2 签派员的权利签派员的权利 dispatchers right n如果在上述情况下，该飞行签派员不能与飞行人 员取得联系，则应当宣布进入紧急状态，并采取 他认为在此种情况下为保证飞行安全应当采取的 任何行动。 Under that condition, if the dispatcher can know get connection with the captain, an emergency status should be announced, and any action th

40、at can make sure the flight safety should be take immediately. 当机长或者飞行签派员行使应急权力时，应当将飞行 的进展情况及时准确地报告给相应的空中交通管制部 门和签派部门。 When the captain or the dispatcher are using their emergency right, the flight condition should be reported to relative ATC department and the dispatch apartment immediately and acc

41、urately. 宣布应急状态的人员应当通过公司的运行副总经理， 向局方书面报告任何偏离。 The vice president for that day should be told of the emergency state, and report it in written to management department. n飞行签派员应当在应急状态发生后10天内提交书面报告， 机长应当在返回驻地后10天内提交书面报告。 The dispatcher should hand over their written report 10 days after that. And the c

42、aptain should do it 10 days after return to base. n无论何时，当一个航班过了预达的时间30分钟后，还没有 报告，签派员应宣布紧急情况。 Under any condition, the dispatcher should announce the emergency state, if the flight havent report their landing 30 minute after the ETA. 依据：中国民用航空飞行规则 、中国民用航空无 线电通话手册 、中国民用航空通信导航雷达工作规 则 、国际民用航空公约附件10。 Acc

43、ording to the CAAR, civil aviation radio telephony communication manual of China, civil aviation communication navigation and radar regulation of China, and the international civil aviation convention accessory10. n宣布紧急状态时，首先将应答机代码置于7700，并拍发紧 急信号，内容包括航班号、飞机位置、高度和紧急情况的 性质、正在采取的行动及所需的帮助。 After the eme

44、rgency annunciation , firstly, the squawk should be 7700, and the emergency signal, including flight number, aircraft position, flight level, the characteristic of the emergency situation, the current action and the needed aid, should be send. 遇险的遇险的VHF频率是频率是121.5MHz，遇险的，遇险的HF频率是频率是 2182KHz。“MAYDAY”

45、 是国际遇险信号并且优是国际遇险信号并且优 先于所有其它通讯。先于所有其它通讯。 The distress VHF frequency is 121.5MHz; HF frequency is 2182Hz. “MAYDAY” is the international distress signal and its priory to any other communications. n这一信号的使用表示有严重的紧急的危险。 “PAN”用于还不需发射“MAYDAY”信号的情况， 但需要空中交通管制部门的特别协助或优先权时。 The use of this signal means the s

46、erious and emergency dangerous. “PAN” is used for the situation that is not serious for using “MAYDAY”, but the special cooperation from the ATC department and the priority right is needed. 遇险飞机应该通知地面站的信息： The message that the distressed aircraft should send to ground: 宣布紧急状态（视情况、拍发三次MAYDAY或PAN）；提 供

47、飞机识别信号；显示所用的操作频率；表明飞机所在位 置与高度；表明紧急事件的性质；表明计划或采取的行动； 为有效帮助救援计划提供任何额外信息。 Announce emergency state( according to the current situation, three time of “MAYDAY” or “PAN”); provide the diagnosis of the A/C; show the using frequency; the current position and the flight level; the characteristic of the emer

48、gency situation; the plan or the current action ; any extra information for the sufficient salvage plan. 在发生紧急情况时，机长首先应 向空中交通管制部门和签派部 门报告其意图和飞行进程，并 应毫不迟疑地向空中交通管制 部门请求援助。 Under the emergency conditions, the captain should report his intention and flight condition to the ATC and dispatch department, a

49、nd ask for first- aid with out hesitation. 要求空中交通管制部门指挥在航路上的其它航空器避让， 将沿航路就近一个或数个机场的有关资料及天气实况 提供给机长，在航站区域内优先着陆。机长取其就近 安全性最大的一个机场作备降或迫降的最后决策。 Asking ATC to instruct the A/C on the same route to avoid the distressed A/C, and report the information and the weather condition of the near airports, and pro

50、vide a priority landing for the distressed A/C. The captain should decide to divert to the most safety airport. 机组在着陆前应向空中交通管制部门或相关部门 提供事件性质、乘客人数 、救援或撤离可能出现 的问题、特别旅客的救援及在客舱中的位置。 Before landing, flight crews should provide the event characteristic, passenger number, the problems that might happen dur

51、ing salvage and evacuation, salvage for special passengers and their seats positions to the ATC or the relevant department. 1 最低油量 Minimum fuel quantity 最低油量是指在飞行过程中应当报告空中交通管制员采取 应急措施的一个特定燃油油量最低值。该油量是在考虑到 规定的燃油油量指示系统误差后，最多可以供飞机在飞抵 着陆机场后，能以等待空速在高于机场标高450米（1500 英尺）的高度上飞行30分钟。 The minimum fuel quantity

52、 is a specific minimum fuel quantity that report to the ATC during flight for emergency situation. After the concern of the discrepancy of the fuel quantity indication system, it conclude the fuel for the farthest alternate airport, and 30 minute waiting fuel at 450 meters(1500feet) in waiting speed

53、 above the airport. 当出现最低燃油量状况时，机长应当向空中交通管制员宣 布“最低油量”，并申请优先着陆；向空中交通管制员报 告剩余的可用燃油还能飞多少分钟； 继续按空中交通管 制员同意的航路飞行；通知签派员，已宣布了最低油量； When the A/C is in the minimum fuel quantity, the captain need announce “minimum fuel quantity” to the ATC, and request for priority landing; report the time that the fuel can

54、support for the flight; continue flight route according to ATC; inform the dispatcher that the flight is under the minimum fuel quantity; 由于最低燃油状况和紧急油量状况间的燃油量差别较 小，机组应及时宣布最低燃油状况以便防止紧急燃油 状况的出现；如果按照目视飞行规则或者在无雷达地 区实施运行，报告现在位置和预计到达目的地的时间。 because of the miner discrepancy between the minimum fuel quantit

55、y and the emergency fuel quantity, flight crew should report minimum fuel quantity state in time, in case of the emergency fuel situation; if the A/C is in VFR or on non-radar conditions, the present position and ETA should be reported. n当出现最低油量状况时，签派员应与相关的空管部门联系， 确保飞行机组、签派员和空管部门保持联系和协作直至飞 机安全落地。 Wh

56、en the A/C is in minimum fuel quantity, the dispatcher need to get connection with ATC, to make sure the connection and cooperation among flight crew, dispatcher and ATC, until the flight landing safely. 2 飞行事故飞行事故 Aircraft incidence 飞机在本站或外站发生飞行事故时，机长应负责指挥， 直至降落机场现场指挥接管为止。 If the A/C has an inciden

57、ce at base airport or other airport, the captain should control the A/C until landing and hand over it to the ground instructor. n飞行机组人员应尽快通知公司签派和空中交通管制部门。 断开驾驶舱语音记录器跳开关；使所有的人员从飞机上撤 离；提供第一时间救助； 保护该区域不受侵入和偷窃， 直至被安全保卫部门接管； The flight crew should connect with the AOC and ATC as soon as possible. Shutti

58、ng down the flight deck voice recorder; evacuating all passengers and crews; providing first-aids; protecting the area from been intrude and stealing, until the security department hand over; 除下面特殊情况外，未经调查小组的允许，不要变动、破 坏或清理残骸、货物、记录或记录媒体；救护被卡、压或 受伤人员；避免飞机进一步损坏；保护公众不受伤害。 with out the permission of the

59、investigation committee, unless special situation, no one could change, destroy or clean the wreckage, goods or record; rescue the stuck, pressed and injured people; avoiding further damage; protecting the public from been hurt. 机组人员有义务协助事故的调查。但正在治疗中的机组人员不 得同局方和调查小组讨论事故，因为这样可能使其丧失清醒思 考的能力。 Flight cr

60、ews have the responsibility to help the incident investigation. In case of losing the ability of thinking, the flight crew in treatment shall not communicate with the management bureau and the investigation subcommittee. 发动机故障或停车发动机故障或停车 Engine failure or flame out 对于所有飞机，在飞机发动机失效或为防止可能 的损坏而保护性关车后，机