医学教学课件：人体解剖学和生理学

1、Human Anatomy & Physiology 人体解剖学和生理学 Human body develops from union of SPERM + OVUM=FIRST CELL OF HUMAN BODY Group of cells Tissues Organs Systems 生命始于精子卵子的结合， 这也就是人体的第一个细胞 大量的细胞 组织 器官 系统 Structure of Cell Cell is a structural & Functional unit of human body, capable of carrying out functions of lif

2、e independently. Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell Membrane 细胞是人体基本结构和功能单位，它能够独立地进 行全部的生命活动。 细胞核 细胞质 细胞膜 Structure of Cell 细胞的功能 产生生物能源 存储 增值 因所处位置而异 Functions of Cell - Production of Bio-Energy - Storage - Multiplication - Specific function according to location 细胞结构细胞结构 纤毛 溶酶体 中心体 微管 高尔基体 线粒体 细胞膜 细胞质 细胞核 染色质

3、 核糖体 核膜 Membranes 细胞膜 Membranes are thin layers of tissue that provide a surface lining or protective surface to organs or body structures. There are four types of membranes. 细胞膜是细胞表面的一层薄膜，对人体器 官和人体结构的表面起着保护作用。 细胞膜分为四种： Cutaneous: pertaining to the skin Mucous: the lubricating membrane lining an int

4、ernal surface or organ. An example of mucous membrane would be the gums. Serous: thin membranes that line cavities that secrete serous fluid. An example would be the peritoneum. Synovial: dense connective tissue membrane that secretes synovial fluid 皮肤细胞膜：依附于皮肤上 粘液细胞膜：润滑内部器官的表面，例如牙龈黏膜 浆液细胞膜：一层薄膜分泌浆液

5、，例如覆膜 滑液细胞膜：致密结缔组织膜用以分泌滑液。 Tissue 组织 Tissues are composed of groups or layers of cells, which collectively perform a specific function. 组织是由成千上万的细胞构成的，它们相互协作， 起着特定的作用。 Different types of tissues have different structures that are specific to their function. 不同类型的组织有着不同的结构，也有其 特定的功能。 These are the ma

6、jor tissue types in the human body 以下是人体内主要组织的类型 Connective Epithelial Muscular Nervous system Lymphatic 结缔组织 上皮组织 肌组织 神经组织 淋巴组织 Connective Tissue 结缔组织 Connective tissue is made up of cells and protein fibers and provides support for other body tissues. 结缔组织是由细胞和蛋白纤维构成的，同时为 体内其他组织间起着支撑作用。 The main p

7、roteins in connective tissue are collagen and elastin. 结缔组织中主要蛋白质是胶原蛋白和弹性蛋白 types of connective tissue 结缔组织的类型 Loose connective tissue: including adipose tissue (fat storage) 疏松结缔组织：包括脂肪组织（脂肪存储） Dense connective tissue 致密结缔组织 Blood 血液 Bone 骨骼 Cartilage 软骨组织 Epithelial Tissue 上皮组织 Epithelial tissue,

8、often called epithelium, is comprised of tightly packed cells, arranged to form layers. Epithelium provides many functions, including absorption, excretion, protection, reproduction, secretion and sensory reception. 上皮组织，也称为上皮细胞，由密集排列的细胞构成 ，成“层”型，上皮组织功能颇多，包括吸收，排泄 ，防护，繁殖，分泌和接触感受器。 Epithelial cells ar

9、e constantly renewing and replacing the dead or inactive cells. The two main epithelial tissue types are: Glandular: found in exocrine and endocrine glands Lining epithelium: forms the outer layer of the skin and in some internal organs 上皮组织不断更新、更换死亡或不活跃细胞。两种 主要上皮组织类型是： 腺上皮：存在于外分泌和内分泌腺体 被覆上皮：形成表皮和内部

10、器官。 Muscular Tissue 肌组织 Muscle tissue provides stability to the skeleton and internal organs and allows body movement. Muscle tissue makes up approximately 60% of the bodys mass and there are three types of muscle tissue. 肌组织为人体提供了稳定的骨架和内部器官 ，并为人体运动提供了条件。肌组织约占人 体质量的60%，肌组织分为三种： Cardiac: found in the

11、 heart Skeletal: usually attached to bone Smooth: found in walls of blood vessels in digestive system, respiratory system and the eye. 心肌：存在于心脏处 骨骼肌：一般处于骨骼附近 平滑肌：存在于血管壁上，消化系统，呼 吸系统和眼睛上。 Nervous System Tissue 神经组织 The nervous system is made up of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Ne

12、rvous System (PNS). Comprised of neural and nervous tissue, the CNS and PNS transmit signals from the brain to the body parts (muscles, glands, sense organs) to activate a response. 神经系统是由中枢神经系统和外围神经系统组成，包 括神经和神经组织，中枢神经系统和外围神经系统由 大脑开始传输信号到身体其他部位（肌肉，腺体，感 觉器官）以得到响应。 Lymphatic Tissue 淋巴组织 Lymphatic, or

13、 lymphoid tissue is found at the entrance of the digestive system, respiratory system and urogenital tracts. The lymphoid tissue provides protection as a first line of defense for these areas. 淋巴组织存在于消化道，呼吸道和生殖道的 入口。它是这些部位的第一道防线。 Organ Organ 器官 An organ is a structure that contains at least two diff

14、erent types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose. There are many different organs in the body: the liver, kidneys, heart, even your skin is an organ. 由多种组织构成的能行使一定功能的结构单位 叫做器官。 人体内有多种不同的器官：肝脏，肾脏，心脏 ，甚至皮肤也是一种器官。 Usually there is a main tissue and sporadic tissues. The main tissue is th

15、e one that is unique for the specific organ. For example, main tissue in the heart is the myocardium, while sporadic are the nerves, blood, connective etc. 一般说来，器官由一个主要组织和几个零星的 组织构成。 主要组织是一个区别于其他器官的特定器官。 例如，心脏内的主要组织是心肌，但零星组织 就是神经，血液，结缔组织等等。 Organ system An organ system is form when at least two or m

16、ore than two different types of organ functioning together for a common purpose Skeletal System 骨骼系统 Muscular System 肌肉系统 Digestive System 消化系统 Respiratory System 呼吸系统 Circulatory System 循环系统 Excretory System 排泄系统 Nervous System 神经系统 Endocrine System 内分泌系统 Reproductive System (Male & Female) 生殖系统 Sk

17、eletal Systems 骨骼系统 The skeletal system is the system that supports us and gives us our shape. 骨骼系统是一种支撑，保持体形 的系统。 Muscular System 肌肉系统 The muscular system is the anatomical system of a species that allows it to move. The muscular system in vertebrates is controlled through the nervous system, altho

18、ugh some muscles (such as the cardiac muscle) can be completely autonomous. 肌肉系统是支撑让物种运动的一种解剖系统。 肌肉系统存在于脊椎动物中，并控制其神经系 统。尽管有些肌肉（如：心肌）具有自律性。 Digestive System 消化系统 The digestive system provides the bodys means of transforming food to energy. 消化系统是将摄入体内的食物转化成能量 的一种系统。 Respiratory System 呼吸系统 A respirato

19、ry systems function is to allow gas exchange. 呼吸系统的机能主要是与外界进行气体交 换。 Circulatory System 循环系统 The circulatory system is an organ system that passes nutrients, gases, hormones, blood cells, nitrogen waste products, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temper

20、ature and pH to maintain homeostasis. 循环系统是运输体内营养物质，气体,激素，血 细胞，氮废物等的一种器官系统，它有助于形 成体细胞以对抗疾病，稳定体温，PH值和内环 境。 Excretory System 排泄系统 The excretory system (also called urinary system or the genitourinary system) is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. 排泄系统（也成为泌尿系统或泌尿生殖系 统）是一种产生，储存和排尿的器官系统 。 Nervous System 神经系统 T