职称英语 理工A 阅读理解、完型填空、新增文章 内部讲义 冲刺点睛资料【点睛】

1、王霞王霞 2015 职称英语 理工 a 阅读理解、完型填空、新增文章 冲刺资料 2015 年职称英语 理工类 a 级 点睛资料 内部讲义 目 录 阅读理解 +第三十四篇 batteries built by viruses +第三十五篇 putting plants to work （2013 理工 b 真题） +第三十六篇 listening device provides landslide early warning +第三十七篇 dont drink alone gets new meaning +第三十八篇 life form found on saturns titan（2012

2、真题） +第三十九篇 clone farm +第四十篇 teaching math, teaching anxiety（2012 新增文章） + 第四十一篇 too little for global warming + 第四十二篇 renewable energy sources + 第四十三篇 forecasting methods（2013 理工 a 真题） + 第四十四篇 defending the theory of evolution still seems needed + 第四十五篇 small but wise （2012 年真题） + 第四十六篇 ants have big

3、 impact on environment as ecosystem engineers（2012 新增文章） + 第四十七篇 listening to birdsong + 第四十八篇 researchers discover why humans began walking upright （2013 教材新增） + 第四十九篇 u. s. scientists confirm water on mars + 第五十篇 cell phones increase traffic, pedestrian fatalities 完型填空： +第十五篇 （2012 新增）liquefaction

4、 key to much of japanese earthquake damage +第十二篇 （2012 新增）free statins with fast food could neutralize heart risk *第十篇 （2012 新增）chicken soup for the soul: comfort food fights loneliness +第十四篇 sharks perform a service for earths waters 2015 年教材新增文章年教材新增文章 20152015 年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小，一共只有年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较

5、小，一共只有 5 5 篇新增文章。篇新增文章。20152015 年职称英语年职称英语 教材理工类新增的教材理工类新增的 5 5 篇文章，分布在阅读理解和补全短文：阅读理解理工篇文章，分布在阅读理解和补全短文：阅读理解理工 c c 和理工和理工 b b 各新增一篇文章；补全短文理工各新增一篇文章；补全短文理工 a a、b b 和和 c c 各新增一篇文章。各新增一篇文章。完形填空理工类整体都没完形填空理工类整体都没 有新增文章。有新增文章。 20152015 年职称英语教材新增文章的对比目录如下年职称英语教材新增文章的对比目录如下： 旧文章旧文章新增文章新增文章 阅读理解第九篇：egyptfel

6、led by famine 第九篇：第九篇：anessentialanessential scientificscientific processprocess 理工 c 补全短文第五篇：themagic of sound第五篇：第五篇：arecord-breakingarecord-breaking roverrover 阅读理解第二十二篇：snowflakes第二十二篇：第二十二篇：real-worldrobotsreal-worldrobots 理工 b 补全短文第九篇：heat is killer第九篇：第九篇：lighteningstrikeslighteningstrikes 理工

7、 a 补全短文第十三篇：sleeping giant第十三篇：第十三篇：affectionateandroidsaffectionateandroids 理工理工 a 复习说明：复习说明： 2015 阅读理解带加号，重点要求阅读理解带加号，重点要求 17 篇，第篇，第 34-50 篇。这里注意下，第篇。这里注意下，第 35 篇篇 putting plants to work（非（非 2013 新增文章）是新增文章）是 2013 年理工年理工 b 的真题，的真题，2014 年应该不会考到。第年应该不会考到。第 43 篇篇 forecasting methods（非（非 2013 新增文章）是新增

8、文章）是 2013 年理工年理工 a 的真题，的真题，2014 应该不会考到。第应该不会考到。第 40，,4 篇为篇为 2012 新增未考，需要重点注意。重点复习带加号文章新增未考，需要重点注意。重点复习带加号文章 15 篇。篇。 +第三十四篇第三十四篇 batteries built by viruses （病毒电池）（病毒电池） what do chicken pox, the common cold，the flu，and aids have in common? theyre all disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that

9、can pass from person to person. its no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of2 viruses is whats on peoples minds. 水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引起的疾病。病毒是能 够在人与人之间传染的微生物。难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。 not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though3.in c

10、ambridge，massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. they are putting viruses to work，teaching them to build some of the worlds smallest rechargeable batteries. 然而，并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带者。在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有些病毒能 起到非同寻常的作用。他们使病毒开始工作，使病毒构成世界上最小的充电电池。 viruses an

11、d batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but theyre not so strange for engineer angela belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. at the massachusetts institute of technology (mit) in cambridge，she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. in the case of the viru

12、s-built batteries，the scientists combine what they know about biology，technology and production techniques. 病毒和电池的搭档似乎并不常见，但这对于工程师安吉拉贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。安吉拉贝 尔彻最早产生了这一想法。在位于剑桥市的麻省理工学院，她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同 的科学领域。在由病毒构成的电池里，科学家融合了他们在生物、技术和生产工艺方面的知识。 belchers team includes paula hammond，who helps put together the t

13、iny batteries，and yet-ming chiang, an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery. were working on things we traditionally dont associate with nature, says hammond. 贝尔彻的团队包括帮助组装微型电池的宝拉哈蒙德和以电池形式存储能量的专家蒋业明。哈 蒙德说， “我们现在从事的行业是传统中不会想到的。 ” many batteries are already pretty small. you can hold a

14、，c and d batteries6 in your hand. the coin- like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny. however，every year，new electronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year before. as these devices shrink，ordinary bakeries wont be small enough to fit i

15、nside. 许多电池已经很小了。a 型、c 型和 d 型电池都可以握在手里。硬币形状的手表电池通常比 分币还小。然而，个人音乐播放器和手机等新型电子设备变得越来越小。这些设备变小了，普通 电池就无法安装进去了。 the ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small package. right now，belchers model battery，a metallic disk completely built by viruses，looks like a regular watch battery. but inside，its

16、components are very small-so tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope. 理想的电池应当体积小、储能多。现在，贝尔彻的电池模型是完全由病毒构成的金属圆盘， 看起来就像普通手表电池。但里面的部件却非常小小到用高倍望远镜才能看到。 how small are these battery parts? to get some idea of the size，pluck one hair from your head. place your hair on a piece of white paper an

17、d try to see how wide your hair is-pretty thin，right? although the width of each persons hair is a bit different，you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts，side to side，across one hair. these microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses7. 这些电池部件到底有多小呢？从头上拔一根头发，把它放到白纸上

18、，看看头发的宽度是 不是很细呢？尽管每个人的头发宽度不同，每个头发上可以并列排放大约 10 个病毒电池部件。这 些为电池能会改变我们对病毒的看法。 词汇： chicken pox 水痘 collaborator n.合作者，协作者 microorganism n.微生物 pluck v.拔，摘，采 metallic adj.金属的 注释：注释： 1.no wonder：不足为奇的，难怪 2.steer clear of：避开，绕开 3.though：意思为“然而，可是”。在句中使用时通常放在句末。 4.cambridge，massachusetts：马萨诸塞州的剑桥市。本文第三段提到的 the

19、 massachusetts institute of technology(mit)in cambridge 即指坐落于剑桥市的麻省理工学院。麻省理工学院于 1861 年由著名自然科学家威廉巴罗吉杰斯创立。这是美国的一所私立研究型大学，培养高级科技人才 和管理人才，是以理工科为主的、世界一流的综合性大学。 5.came up with：提出 6.a，c and d batteries：a、c、d 均为电池型号。 7.these microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses：这些微型电池可能会改变我们看 待病毒的方式。作者想表达的意思

20、是：人们一直认为病毒有害无益，现在病毒可用来制作电池， 人们对病毒的看法可能会因此而发生变化。 练习：练习： 1.according to the first paragraph，people try to a.kill microorganisms related to chicken pox，the flu，etc. b.keep themselves away from viruses because they are invisible. c.stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases. d.cu

21、re themselves of virus-related diseases by taking medicines. 2.what is belchers team doing at present? a.it is finding ways to get rid of viruses. b.it is mass-producing microbatteries. c.it is making batteries with viruses. d.it is analyzing virus genes. 3.what expression below is opposite in meani

22、ng to the word shrink appearing in paragraph 5 ? a.broaden. b.spread. c.extend. d.expand. 4.which of the following is true of belchers battery mentioned in paragraph 6? a.it is made of metal. b.it is a kind of watch battery. c.it can only be seen with a microscope. d.it is a metallic disk with virus

23、es inside it. 5.how tiny is one battery part? a.its width is one tenth of a hair. b.it equals the width of a hair. c.it is as thin as a piece of paper. d.its width is too tiny to measure. 答案与题解：答案与题解： 1.c 短文第一段的大致意思是，许多疾病都由病毒引起，诸如水痘、感冒和艾滋病，所以人们 想尽办法躲避病毒。这是 c 所表达的意思。a 不是正确选择，因为文章并没有说人们想方设法去 杀死病毒。b 的后

24、半句的内容(病毒肉眼看不见)和 d 的内容(吃药治疗病毒引起的疾病)文中没有提 到。 2.c 短文的第二段明确提供了答案。 3.d 根据上下文，shrink 在此的意思是“收缩，即“缩小。所以，它的反义词是 expand(增大， 扩张)。c 不是正确选择，因为 extend 的意思是 become longer，即“延伸”或“加长。a 的意思是“加 宽”，也不是答案。b 的意思是“伸展，展开，在一定的上下文里也可以做 shrink 的反义词，但在 第五段这个语境里，b 不是最佳选择。 4.d 第六段第二句中提到的 metallic disk 是指“金属圆盘”，它是微型电池的外形，其内部是由 病

25、毒构成的电池部件。微型电池不是由金属组成的，所以 a 不是答案。本段提到，这种电池 looks like a regular watch battery，与手表里电池外形相似，但并不等同手表电池，所以 b 也不是正确选 择。文章只是说电池的部件(但并没有说整个电池)小到只能用显微镜才能看到，所以 c 也不是正确 的选择。d 才是第六段所要表达的主要内容，因此是答案。 5.a 短文最后一段的第四句(“you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts，side to side，across one hair”)提供

26、了本题的答案。 返回 +第三十五篇第三十五篇 putting plants to work （植物效能植物效能 2013 理工理工 b 真题）真题） using the power of the sun is nothing new. people have had solar-powered calculators and buildings with solar panels for decades. but plants are the real experts : theyve been using sunlight as an energy source for billions o

27、f years. 太阳能的使用已经不足为奇。几十年前，人们就开始使用太阳能计算器，制造太阳能电热板 镶嵌的建筑。但是植物当属应用太阳能的专家：十亿年来，植物一直把阳光作为能源资源。 ceils in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into1 sugars and starches, stored energy that the plants can use. this conversion process is called p

28、hotosynthesis. unfortunately, unless youre a plant, its difficult and expensive to convert sunlight into storable energy. thats why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how plants do it. 绿叶植物细胞的工作就像微型加工厂一样，将阳光，二氧化碳和水转化为糖和淀粉，并且同 时储存植物本身所需的能量。这种转换过程叫做光合作用。可惜你不是一株植物，必须困难的并 且花上大价钱将阳光转换为稳定的能源。因

29、此，科学家们正在对植株进行准确细致的研究。 some scientists are trying to get plants, or biological cells that act like plants, to work as miniature photosynthetic power stations. for example, mafia ghirardi of the national renewable energy laboratory in golden, colo. 2, is working with green algae3. shes trying to trick

30、 them into producing hydrogen4 instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis. once the researchers can get the algae working efficiently, the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power fuel cells in cars or to generate electricity. 一些科学家正试图像植物的作用过程一样，将植物，或生物的细胞活动看做微型光合发电站。 例如，玛丽亚奇若蒂在美国科罗

31、拉多州的国家可再生能源实验室里对绿藻进行研究。她正想方设 法的通过植物的产生氢来取代光合作用产生的糖。一旦研究人员了解藻类如何有效率的进行工作， 由此产生的氢气可用于燃料电池动力汽车和发电。 the algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydrogen in the lab. during photosynthesis, plants normally make sugars or starches. but under certain conditions, a lot of algae are able to

32、use the sunlight energy not to store starch, but to make hydrogen. ghirardi says. for example, algae will produce hydrogen in an air free environment. its the oxygen in the air that prevents algae from making hydrogen most of the time. 在实验室里，藻类生长通过狭窄的颈玻璃瓶生产氢气的环境下。在光合作用下，植物通常产 生糖类或淀粉。奇若蒂说：“但在一定条件下，有很

33、多藻类能够利用日光能源产生氢气而不是储存 淀粉。 ”例如，藻类会在空气存在环境下产生氢气。这是因为空气中的氧气，氧阻止绿藻制造氢。 working in an air free environment, however, is difficult. its not a practical way to produce cheap energy. but ghirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate from the environment that the algae

34、 grow in, they will make hydrogen instead of sugars, even when air is present. 藻类在空气中虽然可以工作，但是充满困难。这种方式不能切实可行的生产廉价的能源。但 是奇若蒂和她的同事们已经发现，即使在目前的空气条件下，他们从藻类生长的环境中，除去所 谓的硫酸化学品，能够产生氢来代替糖。 unfortunately, removing the sulfate also makes the algaes cells work very slowly, and not much hydrogen is produced. s

35、till, the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogen efficiently from algae. with more work, they may be able to speed the cells activity and produce larger quantities of hydrogen. 只可惜消除硫酸盐不仅使藻类细胞的工作速度减慢，而且大大减少了氢的数量。尽管如此， 研究人员认为，对于实现有效率的利用藻类产生氢这一目标，他们已经迈出了第一步。随着工作 量的加大，他们

36、可以加速细胞的活动，从而产生大量的氢气。 the researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel source. the organisms are cheap to get and to feed, ghirardi says, and they can grow almost anywhere: you can grow them in a reactor, in a pond. you can grow them in the ocean. theres a lot of flexibility in how

37、 you can use these organisms. 研究人员们希望，总有一天藻类会成为很容易使用的燃料来源。藻类这种生物极易存活，他 们可以在几乎任何地方成长。奇若蒂说，：“你可以将它放在一反应堆或是池塘里，也可以在海洋 中找到它们，人们可以灵活的使用藻类的用途广泛。 ” 词汇: panel n. 嵌板，发热板，仪器板 miniature adj. 口巧.微型的 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 algae n. 水藻，海藻 starch n. 淀粉 sulfate n. 硫酸盐，硫酸酯 photosynthesis n. 光合作用 注释: 1. convert., into.

38、: 将转换为 2. colo. : colorado，(美国科罗拉多州)的缩写形式 3. green algae: 绿藻 4.trick them into producing hydrogen: 想方设法使它们产生氢。trick 作为动词，有“欺 骗、哄骗”的意思，但是在这里的意思是“设法”或“采取措施”。 练习： 1. what does the writer say about plants concerning solar energy? a) plants are the real experts in producing solar energy. b) plants have b

39、een used to produce solar energy. c) plants have been using solar energy for billions of years. d) plants have been a source of solar energy. 2. why do some scientists study how plants convert sunlight carbon dioxide, and water into sugars and starches? a) because they want algae to produce sugars a

40、nd starches. b) because they want green plants to become a new source of energy. c) because they want to turn plant sugars to a new form of energy. d) because they want to make photosynthesis more efficient. 3. according to the fifth paragraph, under what conditions are algae able to use solar energ

41、y to make hydrogen? a) when there is a lot of oxygen in the air. b) when there is no oxygen in the air. c) when photosynthesis is taking place. d) when enough starch is stored. 4. researchers have met with difficulties when trying to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently. which one of the followin

42、g is one such difficulty? a) it is not possible to remove sulfate from the environment. b) it is not possible to work in an airfree environment to produce hydrogen. c) it is not easy to make sugars instead of hydrogen. d) it is too slow for algae to produce hydrogen when the sulfate is removed. 5. w

43、hat is not true of algae? a) they are easy to grow. b) they can be a very good fuel source. c) they are cheap to eat. d) they can be used in many ways. 答案与题解： 1.c 根据文章第一段最后一句的意思，c 是正确选择：植物从来就利用阳光作为能源。 2.b 文章的第三段说，科学家企图将植物或植物类生物细胞作为微型光合能源供应站来研究， 并举例说，他们正在用绿藻进行实验，若成功，绿藻所产生的氢将可用来为汽车的燃料电池充电。 所以答案是 b。 3.

44、b 文章第四段告诉我们：algae will produce hydrogen in an air free environment.没有空气的 情况肯定就没有氧气了。该段最后一句又说，是氧阻止绿藻制造氢。 4.d 选项 a、b 都不是正确答案，因为短文的第六段告诉我们，remove sulfate 和 work in an air free environment 都是可能的，但问题是两者都有弊端，使氢的制造不那么容易。d 所述内容就是 困难之一：绿藻细胞因为没有了 sulfate 而减缓工作速度，因此产生不了多少氢。 5.c 根据短文最后一段的描述，绿藻可以在任何地方生长，它们是很容易使用

45、的燃料能源，而 且用途广泛，所以，a、b、c 都是正确的描述，不是答案。c 是答案，因为“the organisms are cheap to get and to feed”中的 feed 是“养殖”的意思，不能解释为“吃”。 返回 +第三十六篇 listening device provides landslide early warning（听觉仪器提供早期山崩预警） a device that provides early warning of a landslide by monitoring vibrations in soil is being tested by uk rese

46、archers. the device could save thousands of lives each year by warning when an area should be evacuated, the scientists say. such natural disasters are common in countries that experience sudden, heavy rainfall, and can also be triggered by earthquakes and even water erosion. 英国研究者们正在测试一种仪器，它可以通过监测土

47、壤振动提供早期山崩预告。科学家们说， 这种仪器通过警报某处有险情需要撤离，每年可以拯救成千上万的生命。经历过骤降大雨，地震 甚至土壤侵蚀的国家，山崩这样的自然灾害是很常见的。 landslides start when a few particles of soil or rock within a slope start to move, but the early stages can be hard to spot. following this initial movement, slopes can become unstable in a matter of hours or mi

48、nutes, says nell dixon at southborough university1, uk. he says a warning system that monitors this movement might be enough to evacuate a block of flats or clear a road, and save lives. 当同一个山坡上的一些土壤或石块开始移动时，山崩就开始了，但早期很难发现。接着这个 初始运动， “山坡在数分钟或数小时内变得不稳定， ”英国拉夫堡大学尼尔迪克森说。他说，一个监 控这种运动的警报系统“足以疏散一个街区的人或清出一

49、条马路，拯救生命”。 the most common way to monitor a slope for signs of an imminent landslide is to watch for changes in its shape. surveyors can do this by measuring aside directly, or sensors sunk into boreholes or fixed above ground can be used to monitor the shape of a slope. slopes can. however, change

50、shape without triggering a landslide, so either method is prone to causing false alarms. now dixons team has developed a device that listens for the vibrations caused when particles begin moving within a slope. 监视迫近的山崩，最常见的办法就是观察这座山形状的变化。研究者们可以直接测量，也可 以在钻孔中或者地表面上探测山坡形状的变化。可是，山坡改变形状也未必就导致山崩。所以任 何一种方法

51、都可能导致误警。现在，迪克森的团队已发明了一种仪器，它在一个山坡内的颗粒开 始移动时可以接收到振动。 the device takes the form of a steel pipe dropped into a borehole in a slope. the borehole is filled in with gravel around the pipe to help transmit high-frequency vibrations generated by particles within the slope. these vibrations pass up the tube

52、 and are picked up by a sensor on the surface. software analyses the vibration signal to determine whether a landslide may be imminent. 这个仪器是钢管形状，探人山坡上的一个钻孔中。钻孔中仪器的四周填满沙砾，有助于传导 山坡内颗粒产生的高频振动波。振动波顺着钢管上传，被地表传感器接收。通过软件分析振动信 号，判断是否马上要发生山崩。 the device is currently being tested in a 6-metre-tall artificial

53、 clay embankment in newcastle2, uk. early results suggest it should provide fewer false positives than existing systems. once it has been carefully and thoroughly tested, the device could be used to create a complete early-warning system for dangerous slopes. 目前这种仪器正在英国纽卡斯尔一座 6 米高人造石灰大坝中接受测试。先期结果显示它

54、比现 有的仪器提供较少的判断误差。一旦这种仪器通过了认真彻底的检测，它将成为个完善的山崩 早期预警系统。 locations with a significant risk of landslides could definitely benefit from a machine like this, says adam poulter, an expert at the british red cross. as long as it doesnt cost too much, but, poulter adds that an early-warning system may not be

55、 enough on its own. you need to have the human communication, he says. making systems that get warnings to those who need them can be difficult. “受山崩严重威胁的地区一定会从这样的仪器中得益， ”英国红十字会的专家艾登保特说， “只 要它不是太贵。 ”但是，保特又说一个早期预警系统本身并不足以防灾， “你需要建立人际交流， ”他说， “使系统发射的预警送达到需要的人群是不容易的事。 ” 41. what does such natural disas

56、ters in the first paragraph refer to? a sudden, heavy rainfall. b earthquakes. c water erosion. d landslides. 42. which of the following statements is true of landslides? a the initial movement is hard to spot. b they start with a movement of a few particles of soil or rock. c they can be destructiv

57、e in a matter of hours or minutes. d all of the above. 43. why do researchers develop a new device to monitor signs of landsides? a because the new device can measure the site directly. b because the new device can be sunk into boreholes or fixed above ground. c because the common methods can cause

58、false alarms. d because the common methods are useless. 44. which of the following statements is not true of the device, according to paragraph 4? a it is filled in with gravel. b it consists of a steel pipe. c it is dropped into a borehole filled in with gravel. d it is connected to a sensor on the

59、 surface. 45. according to the context, what does the word positives in the fifth paragraph mean? a positive electric charges. b evidences. c warnings. d predictions. 答案与题解 : 1. d 短文第一段的第一句告诉我们，英国研究人员正在测试一种仪器，这种仪器可以通过监 测土攘的振动来预警山崩。该段昀后一句说，这种灾难经常在一些遭受自然灾害的国家发生，这 些自然灾害包括 sudden heavy rainfall 和 earthq

60、uakes 以及 water erosion。所以 d 是正确选择。 2. d a、b、c 的内容都可在第二段中找到。所以 d 是正确答案。 3. c 第三段的第一和第二句告诉我们，昀为普通的监测山崩方法是对山披形状变化的观察， 有两种观察方式：第三句说，因为山坡形状的变化不一定导致山崩，所以两种方法都会有虚假的 预警。因此， c 是正确答案。 4. a b、c、d 所述内容都可在第四段中找到。 the borehole is filled in with gravel around the pipe.在被凿出的洞里填充沙砾，围在钢管四周。不是在钢管里填充沙砾。所以 a 是错误的说法， 是正确