Large PV System(Day4)-revised

1、Solar PV Design Implementation O&M March 31- April 11, 2008 Marshall Islands e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 2 4-1-1. System Configuration 4-1-2. Type of grid connection 4-1-3. Examples 4-1-4. Distribution NW 4-1-5. Problems on distributed generat

2、ion 4-1-6. Guide line on distributed generation 4-1-7. Voltage fluctuation by reverse flow 4-1-8. Voltage fluctuation on disconnection 4-1-9. Islanding operation 4-1-10. Detection of islanding operation 4-1-11. Diversity of grid connected generator Contents e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&

3、M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 3 4-2-1. System Configuration 4-2-2. Examples 4-2-3. New components 4-2-4. Planning & design 4-2-5. Check list on planning 4-2-6. One more resource: Energy conservation Contents e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11,

4、 2008 4 DateTitleSub-titleGrid connection Supplie d power SizeGensetOther RNE Battery system Note April 1 (Tue) SHSDC SHSOffDC 1kWNoNoYesBy Mr. Wade AC SHSOffAC 40kWNoNoOptionalWith reliable grid (24H supply) Grid connected hybrid system OnAC 100kWBasicall y No. Optional (a few hours per day) Wind b

5、iomass micro-hydro etc. OptionalWith reliable grid (24H supply) e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 5 PV panel Inverter For a for village ( 40kW) Delivers the power to the households and common equipments through a grid Grid 24 hours power supply by e

6、xisting generators Grid-connected Optional battery Battery PCS Optional e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 6 Grid connection - Low voltage - High voltage No islanding operation No reverse flow Reverse flow Islanding operation No reverse flow Reverse

7、flow Buy power from grid if load PV output Sell power to grid if load PV output Reverse power flow relay On reverse flow, same as above With battery system, backup power shall be supplied even in power outage Source: NEDO e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11

8、, 2008 7 Installed in 2008 at Funafuti, Tuvalu by E8 (KEPCO) Connected with grid 40kW PV Decrease approx. 50t-Co2/y 100 klbs-Co2/y Source: KEPCO e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 8 Installed in 2005 at Beijing, China by NEDO (TEPCO+PVTEC) Office use

9、 plus connected with 10kV grid 140kW PV Comparison of various kind of PV modules (crystalline, amorphous) Source: NEDO e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 9 Source: NEDO e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2

10、008 10 Installed in 2004-2007 at Ohta, Japan by NEDO (Kandenko et al.) 553 residential houses Total 140kW PV, connected at 100V with 6.6kV distribution line Evaluation of the islanding operation protection Source: NEDO e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2

11、008 11 Installed in 2004-2007 at Ohta, Japan by NEDO (Kandenko et al.) 553 residential houses Total 140kW PV, connected at 100V with 6.6kV distribution line Evaluation of the islanding operation protection Source: NEDO PV Load Junction box Inverter etc. e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Ma

12、rshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 12 Load Generator Grid Voltage（ （V） ） Frequency (F) Balance between l Generation and load l Transmission power and installed capacity Maintain system voltage and frequency anytime. e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11,

13、2008 13 Grid Distribution substation Feeder Maintain system voltage and frequency anytime. e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 14 線張 Distribution substation Maintain system voltage and frequency anytime. e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Mar

14、shall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 15 Grid power G Reverse power flow from distributed generation lPower flows from generator to tail end of grid lSystem size suitable to load size Load Load Load Load Load Maintain system voltage and frequency anytime. e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M

15、Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 16 G Feeder Distributed generation Hard to keep system voltage Disconnected from grid Hard to keep system frequency Grid Distribution substation Maintain system voltage and frequency anytime. e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March

16、31-April 11, 2008 17 Distribution Distribution substationsubstation Grid FeederFeeder Voltage Distance from substation Proper voltage Heavy load Light load Control voltage at each bank Low voltage High voltage Maintain feeder voltage e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March

17、 31-April 11, 2008 18 Distribution Distribution substationsubstation Voltage Distance from substation Proper voltage On-load tap-changer at pole transformer Raise voltage by switching tap-changer Maintain feeder voltage Low voltage High voltage Secondary side Primary side e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Im

18、plementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 19 Distribution substationDistribution substation Voltage SVR (Step voltage Regulator) Raise voltage by SVR Maintain feeder voltage Low voltage High voltage Proper voltage Distance from substation Control secondary voltage by monitoring curre

19、nt and changing tap of transformer e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 20 Heavy load Light load Deviation from proper voltage Distributed Generation Reverse power flow Maintain feeder voltage Distribution substationDistribution substation Voltage Low

20、voltage High voltage Proper voltage Distance from substation e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 21 Heavy load Can control voltage by monitoring reverse flow from distributed generation, but Light load Distribution substationDistribution substation Vo

21、ltage Low voltage High voltage Proper voltage Distance from substation Distributed Generation Reverse power flow Maintain feeder voltage e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 22 Heavy load Light load Distribution substationDistribution substation Voltag

22、e Low voltage High voltage Proper voltage Distance from substation Distributed Generation Disconnectio n Deviation from proper voltage Maintain feeder voltage e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 23 Distribution substation High voltage feeder Generator

23、 It is necessary for distributed generation to be disconnected in concert with the fault detection of system. Without disconnection of distributed generation, earth fault continues even by breaking CB at substation. (Threat of equipment damage and electric shock) Earth fault protection of feeder wit

24、h distributed generation e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 24 It is necessary to clarify/establish technical rule necessary to It is necessary to clarify/establish technical rule necessary to orderly dissemination of distributed generation, safety/s

25、ecurity, orderly dissemination of distributed generation, safety/security, maintaining of reliability and power quality.maintaining of reliability and power quality. On grid connection of distributed generation anarchically, the following problems should be investigated. Power quality Possibility of

26、 harmful effect to other customers via grid Become harder to operate grid in maintaining power quality and/or maintenance Safety/security (injury, equipment damage) Public safety should be assured especially for distribution line which is easily accessible to public. e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Impleme

27、ntation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 25 Guide line on grid connection Electrical system of generator Power factor Protection relay Measures for voltage fluctuation Short circuit capacity Communication tree on emergency e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands Marc

28、h 31-April 11, 2008 26 Q P Deviation P Reactive power control at power receiving end by generator owner If not effective, use of exclusive line or reinforcing feeder shall be made by the cost of generator owner. e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 27

29、Automatic load shedding shall be implemented by generator owner Voltage Deviation Disconn ection Load increaseDeviation in voltage Maintain voltage Load sheddingLoad decrease Maintain voltage Voltage e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 28 Substation P

30、V system is running (islanding operation) Threat of electrical shock for worker near crane and public. Crane touches feeder. CB break Fault detection, then CB break. e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 29 Example of detection method Active detection A

31、dd disturbance signal from generator to grid continuously On power outage, detect increased response to disturbance signal Secure detection, but need several seconds Passive detection On power outage, detect phase change of P, Q balance Possible instant detection But used as backup of active detecti

32、on for grid connected generator in high voltage, because of little change at rotating generator Use multiple detection to detect absolutely e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 30 Distribution substation No reverse flow (G L) No reverse flow (G L) e8 /

33、 PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 31 DateTitleSub-titleGrid connection Supplied power SizeGensetOther RNE Battery system Note April 1 (Tue) SHSDC SHSOffDC 1kWNoNoYesBy Mr. Wade AC SHSOffAC 40kWNoNoOptionalWith reliable grid (24H supply) Grid connected h

34、ybrid system OnAC 100kWBasically No. Optional (a few hours per day) Wind biomass micro-hydro etc. OptionalWith reliable grid (24H supply) e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 32 PV panel Inverter For a for village ( 100kW) Delivers the power to the hou

35、seholds and common equipments through a grid Biomass Wind Micro-hydro Genset (runs for only a few hours per day) Grid Grid-connected Optional battery 24 hours power supply by existing generators Battery PCS Optional e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

36、 33 Source: NEDO Gas engineBattery systemPV system Digestive gas tank Digestive gas supply School A Grid Separator Sludge digester PV systemWind powerPV systemWind power PV systemWind power School B School C School D Steam boiler (existing) Biomass boiler for woody material (1t/h) Scarp wood Office

37、A Office B Office C Buy power from grid Plant Independent line (power & comm.) Total 5.4km e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 34 Installed in 2005 at Hachinohe, Japan by NEDO (Mitsubishi, Hachinohe city) For schools and city ofiice Grid connected mic

38、rogrid PV: 50kW, 10kW, 2 * 10kW Wind: 2 * 2kW, 2 * 8kW Gas engine: 3 * 170kW Battery system: 1,440kWh Woody debris boiler: 1.0t/h 2.0klbs/h Digestion gas boiler: 4.2t/h 8.4klbs/h Source: NEDO Gas engine Gas tank Heat/gas pipe Battery system Woody debris boiler Power receiving panel e8 / PPA Solar PV

39、 Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 35 Source: NEDO Battery GE1 + GE2 Load GE1 PV + Wind Energy in battery (right axis) GE1 + GE2 GE1 Battery PV + Wind Power flow at PCC Demand Control error Energy in battery Power flow at PCC (power purchased) : pink Control error (d

40、ifference from plan) : red e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 36 Effective use of PV PV Output Stabilization Utilization of RE Problems of PV - Sudden output change - Voltage and frequency fluctuation Voltage dip PS + PQ PV output Time With BESS With

41、out BESS Time Peak Shaving e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 37 Mitigate Voltage Fluctuation Voltage dip Momentum interruption Load Leveling Dip Interruption BESS 力力 Grid PCS 375kVA (Power Conversion System) Battery 2000Ah High Speed SW Normal: clos

42、ed Abnormal: Opened On Voltage sag, power is supplied by battery. Critical Load PV 80kW Hi-Tech Farm Max Use AC433V DC 480V TR e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 38 - High speed switching - No power interruption Cycle-use Lead Acid Battery - Load lev

43、eling (100kW, 2.5hr) - PQ protection - EPS (240kW, 10min) - Roof for parking lot - On rooftop of canteen building Remark: Shown equip. capacity is present targeted value. It will be finalized in detail design stage. e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

44、 39 New s/s building for battery and elec. equip. PV 70kW Parking Office PV 10kW e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 40 NAS battery Developed by TEPCO and NGK Insulators Ltd. Cycle-use battery Suitable for load leveling CELL50 kW MODULE Safety Tube So

45、dium Flow Path Beta Alumina Electrolyte Sodium Electrode Sulfur Electrode Safety tube Beta alumina Electrolyte Cell Case Vacuum Thermal Enclosure (upper) Main Pole Side Heater Cell Packed Sand Fuse Vacuum Thermal Enclosure (lower) Installed underground of an amusement park, Tokyo Dome City LaQua. -

46、Peak shaving - Backup power (10%-720kWh) for selected loads e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 41 Shin-Kobe Electric Machinery, Co., Ltd Cycle-use lead acid battery Stationary VRLA batteries for power storage (LL 1500) Suitable for load leveling 1050

47、Ah (25 degree C, 0.23C) 3,000 cycle (70%DOD) 10 years lifetime Source: Shin-Kobe Electric Machinery e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 42 Kawasaki Heavy Industry Nickel hydrogen battery Environment Friendliness (No usage of rare or hazardous material

48、) Suitable for load leveling Source: Kawasaki Heavy Industries e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 43 Power systems Co. Ltd. Wellgeo series EDLC (Electrical Double Layer Capacitor) Source: Power systems Co. Ltd. e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation

49、 O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 44 Advanced PV module CIS/CIGS (cupper-indium-gallium- serene) Thin-film PV (4 micro-meter 1.47 * 10-4 inch) 125W Developed by Honda TypeCrystalline silicon Amorphou s silicon CIGS compound Energy used in production Generation cost Conversion efficiency

50、Reliability CIGS type Si monocrystal type - electrode + electrode Buffer N Si P Si CIGS + electrode electrode + electrode Source: Honda Soltec e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 45 Survey of various REN Concept design of the system Investigation of t

51、arget site Determination of equipment spec. Estimate project cost Determine operation pattern Estimate maintenance cost Estimate total running cost Analyze cost/benefit Effect on environmental protection Effect on energy conservation Implementation System, equip. spec., supplier, capacity, supply ch

52、aracteristics, reliability, cost and so on. Demand characteristics, energy cost, electricity tariff REN main unit, inverter, grid connection, battery, env. measure Generation cost, distribution cost, cash flow Estimate supplied power and energy Same as shown in before Economic efficiency is importan

53、t. Compare generating cost with electricity charge. Investigate optimal (economical) operational pattern e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 46 Concept and purpose For what? Purposed should be shared among concerned parties. Where? In existing facilit

54、y or not? Exact location. What load? Characteristics and size of load. Enough space for installed equipment? Which system? Isolated or grid-connected? With battery or not? When and how much? Construction schedule and cost. Can it be available? Same as shown in before Economic efficiency is important

55、. Compare generating cost with electricity charge. Investigate optimal (economical) operational pattern e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 47 Appointment of a qualified person for energy management of type 2 designated factory Preparation & Submissio

56、n of Periodical Reports Submit periodical reports on the use of energy Prepare and submit mid- and long-term plans for measures to achieve energy conservation targets Appoint energy managers Energy management at factory (Japanese case) Appointment of a qualified person for energy management of type

57、2 designated factory (Training Required) Preparation & Submission of Periodical Reports Preparation and Submission of mid- and long-term plans (Participation by a qualified person required) Appointment of Energy Manager (Mandatory to possess a license for a qualified person for energy management of

58、type 1 designated factory) Preparation & Submission of Periodical Reports Formulation & Submission of Mid- and long-term Plans Type 1 Designated Energy Management Factories SchoolsDepartment StoreHotelOffice Building Annual fuel (thermal) use: 3000 kl 679 kilogallon in crude oil equivalent or larger

59、 Annual electricity use: 12 million kwh or larger Annual fuel (thermal) use: 1500 kl 339 kilogallon in crude oil equivalent or larger Annual electricity use: 6 million kwh or larger Type 2 Designated Energy Management Factories Measures Factories Business Establishments Measures Measures Source: ECCJ e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008 Fuel Economy (km/ ) Energy conservation standard based on the Top Runner Program Exam