第5讲19世纪西方自由主义报业的演1

1、外国新闻传播史外国新闻传播史 n工业革命影响之下，西方报业突飞猛进。工业革命影响之下，西方报业突飞猛进。 n当时西方新闻媒介所构成的当时西方新闻媒介所构成的“主流主流”：从阶级：从阶级 方面讲，以资产阶级为中心；从性别上讲，以方面讲，以资产阶级为中心；从性别上讲，以 男性为中心；从种族上讲，以白人为中心；从男性为中心；从种族上讲，以白人为中心；从 世界范围来讲，以西方为中心；从西方来讲，世界范围来讲，以西方为中心；从西方来讲， 则是以美英法德意为中心的。则是以美英法德意为中心的。 Inventions nEli Whitney Cotton gin nElias Howe Sewing Mac

2、hine nRobert Fulton Steam Boat nFrancis Cabot Lowell and Samuel Slater Assembly lines and factories Industrialization nresources: coal and iron nnew methods of production nFlying Shuttle 1733 飞梭 nSpinning Jenny 1765 詹妮纺纱机 nWater Frame 1769 水力纺纱机 nPower Loom 1785 骡机 nCotton Gin 1793 轧棉机 nSteam Engine

3、 1769 蒸汽机 Interchangeable Parts 标准化 nIdentical parts that can be substituted in the manufacture or repair of a product nInvented by Eli Whitney to make muskets for the U.S. government Assembly Lines 流水线 nEach worker adding one part in order to create a finished product nUsed first in Lowells textile

4、 (clothes) factories nResulted in the construction of factories across the Northern U.S. 工业革命对近代新闻事业的工业革命对近代新闻事业的 影响是什么？影响是什么？ n1。交通电讯技术。交通电讯技术 n1825，火车，火车 n1844，有线电报，有线电报 n2。印刷技术。印刷技术 n3。通讯社。通讯社 New Technology nPrinting: Hoes rotary steam press，1814 nPaper: wood pulp instead of rags (cheaper) n1820

5、年代，美国由农业社会转变为工业年代，美国由农业社会转变为工业 社会。社会。 n经济自由主义。经济自由主义。 Smiths Economic Liberalism nFundamental harmony of interests between the activities of profit-seeking individuals and the general good of society as a whole. nThe Invisible Hand: “By directing that industry in such a manner that its produce may b

6、e of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention.” (Smith) Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Our Daily Bread It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, o

7、r the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. (Smith) nExpanding population n纽约：从商业之都到传媒之都纽约：从商业之都到传媒之都 n1830，20万人万人 n1860，100万人万人 nHigher literacy rate n“普通人普通人”的崛起的崛起 舆论舆论 nPublic Opinion n卢梭与启蒙运动卢梭与启蒙运动 政治民主化的扩展政治民主化的扩展 nAndrew Jackson nPresident, 1829-1837

8、nJacksonian Democracy nInterest in politics by working Americans Alexis de Tocqueville（托 克维尔，法国政治学家） (1805-1859) Democracy in America 1833 Democracy in America nBelieves that Lawyers are like nobles in America, because “the wealthy, the noble, and the prince are excluded from the government, they ar

9、e sure to occupy the stations in their own right,”since they are the only men of information and sagacity, beyond the sphere of the people, who can be the object of the popular choice” nBelieves that lawyers in America form the highest political classes, and will remain conservative. 对资本主义的批判对资本主义的批

10、判 n资本来到世间，从头到脚，每个毛孔都资本来到世间，从头到脚，每个毛孔都 滴着血和肮脏的东西。滴着血和肮脏的东西。 The Triangular Trade n美国便士报业美国便士报业 n英国廉价报业英国廉价报业 n法国廉价报业法国廉价报业 n德意大众化报业德意大众化报业 n加澳近代报业加澳近代报业 n日本日本“小报小报” 美国美国: The Penny Press New York Sun 太阳报太阳报 n1833 nBenjamin Day, editor nMotto: It Shines for All All that is needed for newspapers to bec

11、ome a mass medium is a good idea. Along comes Benjamin Day in 1833. Day opened the New York Sun and created the Penny Press. Newspapers of the day cost about 10 cents each . . . too expensive for the masses. But there was a large literate audience out there. Day took advantage of the fact that he co

12、uld print thousands of papers inexpensively and sold the papers for a penny each. He also changed the content of newspapers to make it more sensational and more popular to the lower class. He hired boys to hawk the newspapers on street corners. It was the Penny Press that also began using advertisin

13、g as a way to bring readers information, but advertising also helped by paying for the printing and distribution of newspapers. Cheap newspapers sold to the workers were a hit. His idea was huge success and newspapers crossed that line that made them truly mass media. Others were quick to follow his

14、 lead. They became so powerful that they were called Lords of the Press. Days Innovations nAssigned reporters to gather news nEmphasized news, not opinions nCrime coverage, scandals nHuman-interest stories nCelebrity coverage: Daniel Boone, Davy Crockett Days Innovations nNewsboys sold papers on str

15、eet corners nCut price from 6 cents to a penny nAdvertisers pay more to reach larger audience Celestial Discoveries nThe Edinburgh Court says, “We have just learnt from an eminent publisher in this city that that Sir John Herschel, at the Cape of Good Hope, has made some astronomical discoveries of

16、the most wonderful description, by means of an immense telescope of an entirely new principle.” Celestial Discovery Other Penny Press editors James Gordon Bennett nNew York Herald n先驱报，先驱报，1835 nSociety news, sports nLetters to the editor Other Penny Press editors Horace Greeley nNew York Tribune n论

17、坛报，论坛报，1841 nUrged settlement of West nOpposed slavery Significance of Penny Press nNewspapers became more timely nStaffs became more specialized nPapers attracted mass audiences nAdvertising became revenue base （商业化）（商业化） n1851 n亨利亨利雷蒙德雷蒙德 n每日电讯报每日电讯报，1855年创办，年创办， n印花税问题印花税问题 n星期日报星期日报 John Stuart

18、Mill(密尔，英国思想 家)论自由 Contrasting Views on Liberty-I nPositive Liberty 积极的自由积极的自由 nThis is the view that some people in society, leaders, know better than the general populace what is good, right and true. Those leaders should tell people not only what they must refrain from because it may harm others, but also what they must do in order to live a good life. nExamples: Plato, Hobbes, Marx, Burke Contrasting Views on Liberty-II nNegative Liberty 消极的自由消极的自由 nThis is the view that government should only restrict individual choice when ones actions could harm another. Otherwise, we should act as