11.American Naturalism美国文学自然主义

1、11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 American Naturalism Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser, Jack London, and others. 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 Naturalism It is a more deliberate kind of realism, involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. The naturali

2、st writers attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity（遗传）. Representative writers are Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser. The Red Badge of Courage by

3、 Crane Sister Carrie by Dreiser 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 American Naturalism 1. Origin (1) Industrialism: created a large group of very poor people; lived in slums and could not control their lives; self-reliance disappeared in the fast development of economy (2) The Origin of Species (Charle

4、s Darwin, 1859) godless world, human beast, the survival of the fittest, cruel natural law correspond with cruel social realities 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 American Naturalism (3) Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinism (human controlled by heredity and outside social power) (4) Howells “smiling asp

5、ect” realism seems too genteel and even false. The term “naturalism” was created by French writer Emile Zola, who influenced of French naturalism; Tolstoy and Turgenev came to American literature. 2. Naturalism is a pessimistic form of realism, a harsher one, with deterministic view of man and socie

6、ty. 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 American Naturalism 3. Naturalists attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. The world was amoral, and people had no free will. 4. Signific

7、ance (1) Breaking through some forbidden area in literature (violence, death, sex, etc.) (2) Greatly influencing the 20th century writers such as Hemingway and Faulkner. 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 Stephen Crane (1871- 1900) The Pioneer of American naturalism 1893 Maggie: A Girl of the Streets ,

8、 the First American book without providing “way out” or moralizing on social injustice (resistance of her slum life and at last suicide) 1894The Red Badge of Courage (Henry Flaming, a young farmer boy, the changes of a young mans psychological state in the Civil War) 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义

9、Stephen Crane 1895 The Black Riders (poem collection) 1897 “The Open Boat”, “The Blue Hotel” 1898 poems: “War Is Kind”, etc. Crane and Emily Dickinson were two forerunners of Imagism. Basic motif: environment and heredity overwhelm men 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 A Man Said to the Universe A man

10、 said to the universe: Sir I exist! However, replied the universe, The fact has not created in me A sense of obligation. 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 A Man Saw a Ball of Gold A man saw a ball of gold in the sky; He climbed for it, And eventually he achieved it - It was clay. Now this is the stran

11、ge part: When the man went to the earth And looked again, Lo, there was the ball of gold. Now this is the strange part: It was a ball of gold. Aye, by the heavens, it was a ball of gold. 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 I Saw a Man I saw a man pursuing the horizon; Round and round they sped. I was di

12、sturbed at this; I accosted the man. (招呼，搭讪 ) It is futile, I said, You can never - You lie, he cried, And ran on. 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 I Walked in a Desert I walked in a desert. And I cried, Ah, God, take me from this place! A voice said, It is no desert. I cried, Well, But - The sand, t

13、he heat, the vacant horizon. A voice said, It is no desert. 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 In the Desert In the desert I saw a creature, naked, bestial, who, squatting upon the ground, Held his heart in his hands, And ate of it. I said, Is it good, friend? It is bitter - bitter, he answered; But I

14、like it Because it is bitter, And because it is my heart. Bestial bestjl adj. 残忍的，野蛮的，缺乏智慧的 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 The Open Boat Human beings in front of natural disaster Nature and man: indifferent Brotherhood 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 Frank Norris (1870-1902) A leader of the Natural

15、ism movement. Norris believed that a novel should serve a moral purpose. The novel with a purpose, he explained, brings the tragedies and griefs of others to notice and prove(s) that injustice, crime, and inequality do exist. 1899 McTeague , tells how economic circumstances, alcoholism, heredity, an

16、d chance compel a man to become a murderer. 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 Wheat trilogy： The Octopus: A Story of California (章鱼 1901): the conflict of power of Nature (the farmers) and the mechanic forces (the railroad), and the farmers are defeated by “inevitable” economic forces The Pit: A Story

17、 of Chicago (深渊1902) His characters are often unable to control their own lives. They are moved around by passions or by fate. The whole world, natural and human, is a battlefield between uncontrollable forces. The Wolf: A Story of Europe (unfinished) 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 Theodore Dreiser

18、 (1871 1945) Life (1) Indiana, German-speaking family (2) Extremely poor childhood (3) Worked as a reporter and his first book Sister Carrie was rejected many times (4) In his later life, he turned to Communism. 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 Works (1) Sister Carrie (Carrie Meeber, Drouet, Hurstwoo

19、d, Ames; no control of her own life; driving blindly to catch all opportunities to make life better) (2) An American Tragedy , the masterpiece of Dreiser (Clyde Griffiths) (3) Cowperwood trilogy His influence is evident in the works of Sherwood Anderson, Sinclair Lewis and Ernest Hemingway 11.Americ

20、an Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 Analysis (1) Social Darwinism (man only drive by desire; only fittest can live in the society) (2) Style: formless, dull, crude(粗糙的 ), solemn and ponderous(笨重的 ), “the worlds worst great writer” (3) Powerful depiction of American social life and moving characters 11.American N

21、aturalism美国文学 自然主义 Jack London (1876 1916) Life born in San Francisco lived in the lowest part of society in his youth decided to change his life by intellectual effort his works were rejected many times at last succeeded and became a millionaire Fame and upper class life made him feel boring; commi

22、tted suicide 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 Works 1903 The Call of the Wild (story of Buck,a dog) White Fang (story of a wolf) 1904 The Sea Wolf Martin Eden , autobiographical A solid craftsman, esp. of short stories “Love of life” 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 3. Analysis (1) Social Darwinism, N

23、eitzchean superman, socialist doctrines of Marx (2) Naturalism mingled with Romanticism (3) Limitations: formless, clumsy yet vigorous style; stiff and stereotyped characters and dialogues Sympathetic treatment of the convict and tramp, hence called the “spokesman of the working class” 11.American N

24、aturalism美国文学 自然主义 O. Henry Original name: William Sidney Porter He was good at writing clever short stories and employ New York City as the background. His stories showed his sympathy with the lower class. He always created the special effect described as “tears with smile” for his stories and alwa

25、ys with surprising endings. His famous stories include “The Gift of the Magi”, “The Last Leaf” and “The Cop and the Anthem”. His short stories are somewhat like those of French writer Maupassant. 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 E. A. Robinson (1896-1935) 1896 Children of the Night 1910 The Town down

26、 the River “Eros Turannos” (means in Greek: Love, the Tyrant) “Richard Cory” “Miniver Cheevy” 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 Richard Cory Whenever Richard Cory went down town, We people on the pavement looked at him: He was a gentleman from sole to crown, Clean favored, and imperially slim. And he

27、was always quietly arrayed, And he was always human when he talked; But still he fluttered pulses when he said, Good-morning, and he glittered when he walked. Notes: “clean favored” may imply both that Cory is well groomed and that he is clearly a man of privilege. Conservatively but very well dress

28、ed 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 And he was richyes, richer than a king And admirably schooled in every grace: In fine, we thought that he was everything To make us wish that we were in his place. So on we worked, and waited for the light, And went without the meat, and cursed the bread; And Richa

29、rd Cory, one calm summer night, Went home and put a bullet through his head. 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 Questions: What kind of man is Richard Cory? What kind of man is the speaker? What is the speakers attitude to Richard Cory? What happened to Richard Cory and why? 11.American Naturalism美国文学

30、自然主义 Miniver Cheevy Miniver Cheevy, child of scorn, Grew lean while he assailed the seasons; (猛烈攻击 ) He wept that he was ever born, And he had reasons. Miniver loved the days of old When swords were bright and steeds were prancing; (战马, 腾跃 ) The vision of a warrior bold Would set him dancing. Miniver sighed for what was not, And dreamed, and rested from his labors; He dreamed of Thebes and Camelot, And Priams neighbors. 11.American Naturalism美国文学 自然主义 Miniver mourned the ripe renown (声誉) That made so m