(完整版)新编语用学教程课后答案.doc

1、Introductioncheck your understanding1. f Syntax and semantics each have their own strengths.2. f Pragmatics is also interested in how language use affects the language system.3. t4. f5. tIn-Class Activities1. ASK(1)Yes, he s coming.(2)Yes. No, he isn t coming(3) His knowledge about whether Pat likes

2、 cognitive linguistics or not.2.(1) a. John is obviously not Hitler. There is only one Hitler in the world.b. Golf as an inanimate object can t play a human being (John).c. It is a case oftautology that conveys no new information.d. “ Idea ” doesn t have color and can t sleep since it is inanimate.

3、The whole sentence doesn t make sense.(2) a. it can be used for communication in a context where John shares some personality with Hitler.b. when John is a poor player of golf.c. in a context where a certain boy has done something wrong (out of naughtiness).(3) when the sentence is used in poetry to

4、 personalize the word idea. 3.(1) a. In an entrance of a park.b. In the restroom of some public places like an airport.a. People are forbidden to bring dogs into the park.b. This place is for adults to change infantdiapers.4. (1) Here the speaker wants to express his complaint that the couple are ta

5、lking too loudly (and the implicit request for them to stop talking).(2) By saying so, the young man wants to convey their refusal to“ my” request.The background knowledge we need is that since it is usually impolite to listen to other people private conversation, it is normal that hear a word“(thus

6、I” canthe t couple can continue their talk).5.(1) This notice implies that all those who jump the red light are uncivilized, whatever the reason.(2)讲卫生的人不会随便吐痰。6. (1) This is an advertisement for a holiday inn and its food is so delicious that it canmake the customer s wife jealous. The “ French toa

7、st ” probably means a type of specialty provided by this holiday inn.(2) C: 你去哪里？吃饭了没？E: How are you?How s everything going?7. (1) He means he doesn t speak French.(2) Russian majors don speaktFrench.(3) Yes. It helps to indicate a negative answer.8. (1) a. He uses “ that ” under the assumption that

8、 his mom knows which letter is being referred to.b. He uses an imperative sentence to ask her mother to close the window, which is impolite.(2) Johnny: Mom, Ping Ping is coming to visit us this afternnoon.Mother: Who is Ping Ping?(3) Wang: It s not my fault, is it?Li: Yes.-Native speaker: Hi, you lo

9、ok good.Zhang: Not good, not good at all.ExercisesTask3.1.when we get someone to do something, we tend tominimize the effort to be involved, but when we complain we tend to exaggerate the complaint. People want to be polite by mitigating( 缓解 ,减轻 ,平静 )the imposition, which is face-threatening.2. The

10、first imperative is a general grammatical form, but the second, though still an imperative, can be used to sound more polite because of the addition of will you3. (in the office)Boss: Come to my office later.Clerk: Yes, sir.-(during the afternoon tea)Boss: How is your dad, Tom?Clerk: He s fine. Than

11、ks, Pat.4. He wants to suggest that he did not break the window because he was engaged with (? ) in something else in other places.5. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye,Holden, a middle school student always breaks the pragmatic conventions and in that way shows his rebellion.6. While we teach Engl

12、ish to Chinese students, we not only impart linguisticinformation (phonetics, phonology, morphology, and syntax of English) but also pragmatic information (appropriate use of English in dynamic context). For instance, how we can use the question tag(反了？ tag questions) to sound more tentative and be

13、polite.Unit 1Check your understanding1. f That is the view held by John Austin in the early stage.2. f Implicit performative utterances do not have a performative verb.3. f4. fThe completion of the perlocutionary act requires the addressee s cooperation.5. tIn-Class Activities1.(1) If you ve ever sa

14、id“ I promise” or“ I apologizeerformed”those,you have pactions by the simple act of saying them. But“ I know ” and“ I believe” aredeclarative. Saying them does not bring about any immediate change in the belief or knowledge of the speaker.(2) a. I wish you a great success. I admit I m wrong.b. I mis

15、understand your point. I see what you mean.(3) Yes. For example, when we say 我在这里“向你道歉 ”，we are performing the act of apologizing.(?)2.(1)“ A full apology” here means a wholly performative utterance of apology like“ We apologize to the Chinese government and the Chinese people” . Indeed,“ sorrnot a

16、performative verb.(2) To some extent,“ sorry ” can implicitly perform the act of apology.3.(1) The kidnapper intends to perform the acts of threatening and requiring.(2) He wants to make his words sound like an advice instead of a threatening.4.(1) a. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying“ Tod

17、ay is not a free admission dayillocutionary act: it implicitlyrequires people to pay the admission fee.perlocutionary act: people pay the admission fee (if at all).b. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying“ Thank you for your generous donationand your support”.illocutionary act: it implicitlyur

18、ges people to donate.perlocutionary act: people donate money (if at all).a Admission fee required todayb We expect your generous donation and your supportThe first is chosen to beless imposing. The second is chosen toattractpeople sdonation.5.(1) No, it is not a verdictive. It is just an advertiseme

19、nt from s(a) hotel whose name happens to be “ Jurys ”.(2) The proprietor plays a game of words to attract customers. ExercisesTask 3 1.a. constative? locution:“ No smoking in this area” . Illocution: Forbidding peoplefrom smoking here. Perlocution: People do not smoke here.b. constative. Locution:“

20、Ticket passengers only” . Illocution: Asking passengers tobuy tickets if they want to (enter the museum). Perlocution: Passengers buy tickets toenter the museum.c. constative. Locution:“ Token vending machine” . Illocution: publicInformingof thethe fact that they can buy tokens through this machine.

21、 Perlocution: People buy tokensthrough this machine (if at all).2.Yes. It solves the problem that constatives can indeed be regarded as implicit ways ofdoing things. Thus, all utterances are“ performative” in essence.Yes, I agree. Suppose A said to B“ it s stuffy here” . The actual effect may be tha

22、t Aunderstood to becomplaining, but the intended effect is that someone shouldopen thewindow or the door and it may bring B to perform the act instead of letting him justlisten to A s complaint.3. (1)a, (2)a, and(3)a are performative utterances and can stand the test“ hereHowever, in (1)b, (1)c and

23、(2)b, (2)c,“ know” ,“ think ” , “ amuse” and“ flatteperformative verbs. In (3)b, the third person subject is used. In (3)c, simple past tenseis used.4. Both verdictives and exertives involve a demonstration of powers, rights, orinfluence. However, verdictives have theillocutionary force of issuing a

24、 formal or official judgment and giving a verdict, while exertives involve making decisions in favor of or against a certain course of action, or advocacy of it.5. These utterances are nottrue or false, that is, not truth-evaluable. The uttering of them on formal occasions is or is part of thedoing

25、of a certain kind of action, theperformance of which, again, would not normally be described as just“ saying ” o“ describing something (cf. Austin 1962, 5). e.g.“ This meeting is now adjourned.”“ The court is now in session.”“ This church is hereby de-sanctified. ”批准 ,认可 ,使合法化Check your understandin

26、g1. f It is criticized as lacking criteria for classification.2. f The hearer is held responsible.3. f4. t5. fIn-Class Activities1.(1) No, they are essentially directives.(2) “你能帮我还书吗，谢谢哦。 ”“ We ll be very grateful for your presence.”(3) Because they expect other people compliances instead of refusa

27、ls. One feels indebted 感激的 , 受惠的 , 蒙恩的 i f one does not comply with the request.2.(1) Commissives(2) Yes. The second promise is achievedwith a condition which may turn the promise (a commissive) into a requirement (a directive).3.(1) No. Utterance a is a threat. Utterance b involves something that t

28、he speakercannot xcontrol. Utterance c describes somethingin the past rather than something that the speaker will do in the future. Utterance d involves an act that thehearer rather than the speaker will do in the future. Utterance e has a third person as the subject. Utterance f is a statement abou

29、t something that happened in the past.(2) a. propositional content condition (what is said is about something that the speakerhas done wrongly); b. sincerity condition (the speaker is serious or sincere in making the apology; c. preparatory conditions (e.g. the person who is apologizing should have

30、made mistakes) d. essential condition (both sides understand that what the speaker says is an apology).Li: 好嘛，算我错了行了吧。 where the speaker is not sincere 4.(1) The customer when he says there is a fly in my soup (which is meant to be a complaint).(2)Because saying that can normallyattract the waiter s

31、 attenandtheionwaiterknows what to do in a context like this.Yes. Sometimes, we speak indirectly to save ouror others face.(3)Yes, I agree with her. Hearing the customer s words, the waiter may not take itseriously (if he is not joking).5.(1)The role of the underlined part is explaining the reason o

32、f the refusal so that Andywill accept Jack s refusalmorereadily.Not necessarily. A white lie also does the same trick.(2) a. Calling on people to save water. b. Denying people the right to park here.The “ irrelevant ” information is used to enhance the chances of successfully performing the directiv

33、e acts.ExercisesTask3.1.a. Austin was a leading exponent of analytical or Ordinary Language philosophy. His work in the 1950s provided both a theoretical outline and the terminology for the modern study of speech actsdeveloped subsequently. He was the initiator of the speech act theory. He drew the

34、distinction between constative utterances and performative utterances, although he latter discarded the distinction. He introduced the trichotomy of locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.John Searle is widely noted for his contributions to thephilosophy of language, philosophy of

35、 mind and social philosophy. Searle has introduced the notion of indirect speech act. He has reclassified illocutionary acts. He has developed the theory into a general theory about human communication.b. Speech act sequence; responsive acts.2.No. Threatening seems to be a directive as well as a com

36、missive act.Open.3.Learn how to do speech acts in L2. Doing the same speech act in L1 and L2 may not be the same.4.Depends on whether thesincerity condition is violated or not.5.a. declaration b. representative c. representative d. directive e. expressive missive g. directiveh. commissivei. dec

37、laration6.“ Excuse me ” is usually used to interrupt other people, so its preparatory condition isthat there are others talking about or doingsomething, when the speaker s interruption is not expected. However, “ sorry ” is used in a different situation, and its preparatory condition is that the spe

38、aker has made a mistake. 7.Effectiveness: abcd other things being equalPoliteness: abcdother things being equal8.a. It runs counter to the preparatory condition that the door must be closed at the moment.b. It goes against the sincerity condition. It is felicitous as an act of thankingc. It goes aga

39、inst the preparatory condition that what the speaker is going to do must be to the hearer s disadvantage yet refusing to eat dissert is not.Unit 3Check your understanding1. f2. f3. f4. f5. fIn-Class Activities1(1) a. direct answer about his father b. His father can help. c. His father cannot help. s

40、 profession(2) A: Your father must be very great.B: He is a lawyer.-A: Does your father earn a lot of moneyB: He is a lawyer.2.(1) Both of them are implicit rather than stated by the actual meaning of the words.(2) An implicature can be part of sentence meaning or dependent onconversational context,

41、 and can beconventional or unconventional. But connotation is conventional and attached to words.(3)“ Fox” can connote cunningness. When we say“ he is a fox” in response todo you think of Jack?” , we indicate that Jack is cunning like a fox.3.(1) Yes, it implies that Jack has one and only one brothe

42、r.(2) Entailments are true whenever the statement uttered is true, but different implicatures may be derived when the sentence is used in different contexts. No.Yes. For instance, Jack has a brother; indeed, he has two.(3) A: Jack must be spoiled by his parents.B: Jack has a brother.4.(1) cancelabil

43、ity or defeasibility.(2) Yes. The words “ not yet ” has the conventional implicature that something is possible after the given time.5.(1) Jack may refill his car in the garage.(2) Yes, the garage may be closed at the moment.(3) a. The sea foods are fresh. / Do buy the sea foods. b. You can win here

44、. /Play here.6.(1) Hearer meaning is the hearers understanding of the speakers utterance.(2) A: Tom is quite clever in that aspect.A: But I dont mean he is really clever in that aspect.(3) a. Hearers and speakers background knowledge may be different. b. Their expectations, beliefs, and the like may

45、 be different.ExercisesTask31.a. There is convention of usage in natural language.b. Today I declare you husband and wife.He is at sixs and sevens.2. A: Are you happy.B: Yes.A: Are you happy?B: Yes. Quite, quite.There are other possibilities. E.g. Speakers meanless than what they say.A: Are you happ

46、y.B: Yes. I am the happiest person in the world.3. Saying does not necessarily amount to the same thing as meaning. By saying onething a speaker might mean another thing entirely. There is a sense of saying on which you cant say anything without meaning something.4.A: She is a charming lady. I mean

47、only when she smiles.By saying the first sentence, A may imply he is attracted by the lady, but by adding the second sentence he denies the implicature.5. No.Yes.a. Jack: Lets go out drinking tonight.Jane: My grandma is ill. (But, my mother is coming)b. Jack: How did Philip and Pike do in the Olympi

48、cs?Jane: Philip won a medal.Obviously, a has a particularized implicature and b has a generalized implicature. It is comparatively easy to add a sentence to a tocancel the implicature, but in b it is difficult. Anyhow, we use other ways to achieve the same implicatures in a and b. Whats more, partic

49、ularized implicatures aremore unconventional and they have greater indeterminacy.6.a. conventional (theres no need for context information) One cannot use the doorbefore 6 p.m. (“ before ”)b. Conventional No free refills for non- same visit (“ only ”)7. openOne may say no, though. Conversational imp

50、licature is context dependent. To some extent, it is arbitrary, because different people may get different implicatures even in the same context and different contexts may generate different implicatures as well.8.A. when people talking about boys qualities.B. When people are talking about boys abil

51、ity to do mathematics.9.Conversational implicatures are sensitive to context anddependent on the observance of Cooperative Principle while flouting a particular maxim. People may arrive at different conversational implicature for the same utterance. The conclusions arrived at by syllogism are contex

52、t free and people get thesame conclusionbe means of reasoningUnit 4Check your understanding1. f2. f3. f4. f5. fIn-Class Activities1.(1) Both metaphors and irony go against the maxim ofquality that requires the speaker to be truthful. A metaphor involves saying that one thing isanother and an irony c

53、onsists in the expression ofones meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite.(2) Understatement (“ It s not too badorm of”speech)isa fin which a lesserexpression is used than what would be expected; hyperbole ( “forHaven t seen you ages” ) is afigure of speech in which statements

54、are exaggerated. Their use runs counter to the maxim of quantity as well as that of quality.2.(1) Yes, the maxim of manner is exploited. Mr. Bennet implicates that he will let his wife tell him who has taken the house. Also, the maxim of quantity is violated whenMs. Bennet respondsto her husband s question“ Is he married or single?”(2) By saying I have no objection to hearing it, Mr. Bennet means that his wife has the freedom to supply the information in front of him, which in turn means he agr