How_to_write_an_argumentation如何写英语议论文

1、On writing of argumentation How to write a topic sentence How to write introduction How to develop paragraphs How to write conclusion How to polish the language Topic Sentence 1.主题句的基本要求 主题句必须由一个完整的句子构成，必须中肯扼要； 必须把题目限定在该段落中恰如其分的范围内，即不 是笼统的概括又不能过于具体。用词应当严谨精练， 意思清楚。 2. 主题句的位置 3. 写主题句应注意的问题 1)主题句应该意义清楚

2、 一个段落只有一个主题句，不要范围太广，决不能 将两个甚至更多的主题塞进一个段落中。 e.g. Learning a foreign language is difficult. Learning English (French) is difficult. Learning English by oneself is difficult. 2）要确定段落扩展的关键词 主题句中的关键词用于限定段落主题的扩展范围和方 向，可以是一个或几个单词。也可以称为致力点 （controlling idea），它支配了主题句的思想，是必 不可少的元素。 e.g. Electricity is in our

3、lives. Electricity is everywhere in our lives. 另外，正文部分各段落的主题句要与全文的主题密切 关联，为之服务。各段主题句要处于同一平面上，互 相不能重叠。 3）避免用客观事实充当主题句 主题句是用来阐述作者的观点和思想的，因此带有一定 的主观色彩，而客观事实的句子无法制约主题发展的方 向和范围，也不含由作者的主观思想，所以不能充当主 题句。 e.g. Radar is a device. Spring is a season. Brainstorming 例：Leonardo DiCaprio is a very charming actor.

4、Firstly, he is very handsome. Secondly, he performed impressively in the film Titanic. Thirdly, he is easygoing and people-oriented. The Internet Advantages -It is the most convenient and effective way of communication. -The Internet shortens the distance between people around the world. -It allows

5、access to a vast range of knowledge and information. Disadvantages -Addiction to the Internet, especially online games will exert adverse influence over peoples life, work and study. -It is harmful to our health to spend too much time surfing online. -Pornographic websites will lead teenagers astray

6、. Live on Campus or off Campus To live on campus - more opportunities to expose oneself to people and ideas : teachers, lectures, seminars - easy access to school resources: library, lab and other facilities - less money in terms of accommodation - more occasions to develop the ability to get along

7、with others - comparatively safe - easy for the school to take care of students study and life To live off campus - more freedom and privacy - quieter environment for study - touching with society - good chance to be independent To live on Campus To live on campus may allow students an easy access t

8、o school resources in various forms. If they live in a dormitory, students will have more occasions to develop the ability to get along with others. The school authorities also favor the idea of living on campus, as in that case they may exert less efforts in taking care of students study and life.

9、To live off campus To live in a rented house, students can enjoy a quieter environment for study. It is a good chance for the students living off campus to be independent. To rent a house off campus also forces students to touch with society. Development of paragraphs 罗列法 (listing) 例证法（exemplificati

10、on） 因果法（cause and effect） 比较法和对比法 (comparison and contrast) 定义法（definition） 分类法（classification） (1) 罗列法 (listing) 罗列法可以用于整篇，也可以用于个别段落。 注意点： a. 所罗列的要点须属同层次内容，而且意义 不能互相涵盖。 例：例：Camping in wilderness is fun b. 要点之间的排列往往是从重要到次要，从 一般到个别，从显而易见到鲜为人知。 (2) 例证法例证法 （exemplification） 常用于议论文和说明文的一种展开方式 1) 可以在不同论述

11、层次上引用例子 a.为说明文章中某一要点或某一句话而引用 b.直接举例说明短文中心句或段落主题句 不同用途的例子在文中的重要程度及扩展的详 略程度也各有所异。 2) 如果同时列举数例，应当注意适当的排序： 一般到个别、显而易见的到鲜为人知的、最重 要的到最次要的 3) 使用例证法一般需要特定的过渡语标记过渡语标记 （transitional words），当然也有个别情况无无 标记举例标记举例 For example/for instance takeas proof(example, instance) such(as)/specifically/occasionally Another e

12、xample I remember is The most striking instance of this occurred when If any further examples were needed, I could mention can serve as an example to illustrate(the point)/as an illustration A case in point is (3) 因果法因果法 （cause and effect） 因果法主要是用来探索事物间因果关系的 一种段落发展方式。作者通过客观、正确的 推理，分析事物发生的原因及产生的结果来 阐

13、述主题句、展开段落，使段落合乎逻辑， 使主题句的支配思想令人信服。采用因果法 写作，一般通过三种途径：1) 阐述某些事件， 行为或想法的由来. 2) 阐述某些事件或行为 所产生的结果. 3) 将原因和结果同时结合在 一起来加以讨论。 例1: Why should the climate be warmer in the Southern Hemisphere? One reason may be that most of the Earths land mass is in the Northern Hemisphere, while our oceans are mostly in the

14、southern half of the world. Water does not absorb sunlight in the same way land does. Also, industrial pollution is much heavier in the Northern Hemisphere, where it may be acting as a sunlight blocker. Reasons: 1.location of land and water; 2. industrial pollution 多因的排列顺序： 直接间接 表面根本 （先果后因） 例2: Viol

15、ence on television may be in great part responsible for the violence in our society. We have seen endless programs of mugging, knifing, robbery not only in half- hour or hour-long adult time segments but also in childrens cartoons and in childrens programming hours. It may be, then, that because cri

16、me has increased on the television screen, it has increased around us, in our society. Just as a child will speak with a foreign accent because that accent is constantly spoken in his environment, so he will pick up other behavioural responses. Accents, however, are not destructive. Violence is. 讨论结

17、果时，先因后果讨论结果时，先因后果 因果法常用的过渡语：因果法常用的过渡语： 表原因：because (of), since, as, for, owing to, due to, for the reason that, attribute to, impute to, 表结果：so, so as to, so that, therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, as a result, hence, give rise to, 表示因果关系可以利用上述过渡语，并采用 不同句式，例如表达“市民购买力下降”和 “低收入”之间的因果关系，可用多种句

18、型 表示： - The cause of/reason for the decline in the citizens purchasing power is their low income. - One consequence / One result/ The effect of the low income is a decline in the citizens purchasing power. - The citizens income has become lower. Accordingly, / As a consequence, /As a result,/ Becaus

19、e of this,/ Consequently, / For this reason,/ Now, / So, / Therefore,/ Thus, their purchasing power has declined. -As/ Because/ Now/ Since the citizens income has become lower, their purchasing power has declined. - Low income causes/ leads to/ produces/ results in a decline in the citizens purchasi

20、ng power. - A decline in the citizens purchasing power is because of/ caused by/ due to/ owing to their low income. - The citizens income has become lower. Hence a decline in their purchasing power. - The citizens purchasing power declines as a result of/ because of/ on account of/ owing to their lo

21、w income. -If/ When the citizens income becomes lower, their purchasing power declines. (4) 比较法和对比法比较法和对比法 (comparison and contrast) 注意点：注意点： 1) 比较或对比的对象必须属于同一意义范畴。 如，wife vs. husband; bicycle vs. car; city life vs. country life, Chinese vs. English 2) 要遵循一致的比较模式。将相比较的对象 称为items, 把比较的方面称作points，则可以

22、分为a. point-by-point pattern (逐点比较法) b. block pattern (整块比较法) 例：例：As a popular saying goes, “Health is better than wealth.” Good health enables one to enjoy his life and achieve what he hopes for in his career. On the other hand, poor health tends to deprive one of his interest in everything around h

23、im. Therefore, health is indispensable to ones happy. 5. 用定义法来扩展用定义法来扩展 （definition） 定义法是指在扩展段落时，解释词、短语 或给各种事物和概念下定义，以解释和阐 明某个概念的本质特征，说明段落的中心 思想，从而达到作者陈述论证或反驳某一 观点的目的。采用定义法扩展段落可通过 同义词、反义词、术语例证以及比较和对 照等方式给某一概念下定义。 What then, is generation gap? Generation gap refers to the distance and contradiction b

24、etween the old and the young. Its a common phenomenon that exists everywhere in the world and influences both the old and the young. Generally speaking, generation gap results in different understanding and appreciation of the great and constant changes of the world, different reaction to new things

25、, and different attitudes to traditional principles and belief. To describe its potentials the computer needs a new name. Perhaps good a name as any is “information machine.” This term is intended to distinguish its function from that of a power machine, such as a loom. A loom performs the physical

26、work of weaving a fabric; the information machine controls the pattern being woven. Its purpose is not the performance of work but the ordering and supervision of the way in which the work is done. 6用分类法来扩展用分类法来扩展 （classification） 为了更清楚地说明某事物，把要解释的事 物根据其特点分成较小地类别或单位，逐 类阐述。 例：The brave fiesta (西班牙的宗教

27、节日), also called the most artistic and cruel way of killing an animal, consists of six performances in which six bulls are killed by three bullfighters, one at a time. Each of these individual performances consists of three main parts whose continuity presents one of the most beautiful and bloody sp

28、ectacles which people pay to watch during the sunny afternoon in Spain and certain countries in Latin America. Useful expressions in classification: -classes/sections/families/categories/units/ parts/kinds/divisions/groups/types/items/sort s -may be classified according to/fall into (two categories)

29、/ can be divided into - may be further subdivided - comprises/,may be put into/ We may sort into Introduction 引言段包括opening sentences 和thesis statement 两部分，主要有以下几种常见的写法： 一：对文章的命题进行简单的陈述，缩小范围，自然 过渡到命题，如： Topic: People should read only those books that are about real events, real people, and establishe

30、d facts. Write a composition of about 300 words to support whether you agree or disagree with the above statement. Books can be factual about real events, real people and established facts like magazines, textbooks, and reference books. Books can also be imaginative about imaginary events, imaginary

31、 people and made-up facts like novels, poetry selections and play scripts. Whatever type a book belongs to, factual or imaginary, a well- written book benefits their reader from a different angle; therefore, people should read books of both types. 二，对文章论述的重要概念下定义，如： Topic: People seldom forget speci

32、al gifts or presents that they have received. Write a composition of about 300 words on this issue. Special gifts are gifts that people rarely give out or receive on a particular occasion. Just because of rareness, special gifts are enriched with the feeling from the giver. The decision to give a sp

33、ecial gift, the efforts made in finding one coupled with the rareness of the present makes a special gift deeply remembered. 三，以发问的形式开头，如： Topic: What is one of the most important decisions you have made? Why do you consider this decision important? Write a composition of about 300 words on this iss

34、ue. What is an important decision? An important decision is one that influences us, especially our life to a great extent. An important decision can be either right or wrong. Its importance lies in its impact on such great matters as our career, our way of life and our success in the society. Conclu

35、sion 结尾段由结束语 (closing statement) 和结论句 (concluding sentence) 两部分组成。结束语创造文 章结束的气氛，结论句则表达作者经过上面的讨论对 主题有进一步的认识，并得出概括性结论。 结束语的写法有两种：一是总结正文，二是用另一种 表达方式重述文章的命题。 Topic: Some important natural resources, such as forests, animals, or clean water are disappearing. Choose one resource and explain why it needs t

36、o be saved. Write a composition of about 300 words on this issue. 1.假设正文第一段主题句为Forests are home of animals. 第二段主题句为Forests are sources of lumber, meat and some drug ingredients. 第三段 主题句为 Forests are producers of oxygen. 总结正 文的结束语为： Since forest are shelters of wild animals, suppliers of lumber, meat

37、, natural drug ingredients and oxygen, they are mans most valuable natural resources. 结论句的写法则有多种： 1.提出更具概括性的结论 The extinction of species, the shortage of lumber and drug ingredients, the reduction of oxygen and the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere all signal that we cannot afford to lose

38、 any more forests. 2. 假设文章命题为 Forests should be saved immediately for a number of reasons. 重述命题的结束语应为 Forests are so valuable to our human life that worldwide actions should be taken to stop losing any more of them. 2. 提出建议 To stop losing more forests, we should educate people, especially those who

39、have destroyed and who are going to destroy forests for one reason or another, in why forests must exist on the earth. 3. 提出解决问题的办法 To achieve a most effective forest saving campaign, we can hold worldwide boycotts against any products directly and indirectly coming out from forestland. 4. 提出警告 If f

40、orests are continuously losing like today, one day in the future our humans will sustain the consequences of todays forest destruction, having no wild animals, lumber, natural drug ingredients and more importantly, oxygen. 5. 提出预言 Should we not take actions to save forests today, one day in the futu

41、re we will run out of such valuable natural resources as lumber, drug ingredients, animals and oxygen. 1句式错落技巧句式错落技巧 作文要尽量用简洁明快的文字表达，但 在必要时，特别是首尾段， 要有意识地 使用几个主从句或并列句。 简单句的连 用最好不要超过三句。 短句用于强调，长句表达更复杂的思想。 长，短句的搭配应错落有秩。 e.g. I usually go to the country for a walk during the weekend. Last Sunday I decid

42、ed to spend the whole day in the city for a change. I decided to visit the Tiananmen Square and the Zhongshan Park. It was early. I left home. The streets around were deserted. There were no usual crowds and traffic. Everything was strangely quiet. Revised version Though I usually go to the country

43、for a walk during the weekend, I decided to spend the whole day in the city for a change last Sunday. I went to the Tiananmen Square and the Zhongshan Park. It was so early when I left home that the streets around my neighborhood were deserted. Without the usual crowds and traffic, everything was st

44、rangely quiet. You have to be careful not to be attracted by the variety of books in a bookshop. It is very easy to enter the shop looking for a book on, say, ancient coins and to come out carrying a copy of the latest best-selling novel something which had not interested you up till then. This volu

45、me on the subject, however, happened to be so well illustrated and the part of the text you read proved so interesting, that you just had to buy it. This sort of thing can be very dangerous. Apart from running up a huge account, you can waste a great deal of time wandering from section to section. 常

46、见复杂句式： 定语从句 同位语从句 分词伴随状语 并列结构 独立组织结构 倒装句 Even those who dislike Hemingways other novels are likely to enjoy The Old Man and the Sea, which I consider it one of the literary masterpieces of our time. 定语从句定语从句 分词伴随状语 Anyway, luck may influence us, but we should never give up halfway, convinced that ou

47、r effort will pay in the long run. With the development of peoples living standard in modern society people consider entertainment to be indispensable to their life. 同位语从句 定语从句 This was just after the First World War, a time when Americans were learning, probably for the first time on this massive s

48、cale, that there was variation between the English spoken in Britain and in the United States. Many public school advocates take a harsh attitude toward home schoolers, perceiving their actions as the ultimate slap in the face of public education and a damaging move for the children. Home-schoolers

49、harbor few kind words for public schools, charging shortcomings that range from lack of religious perspective in the curriculum to a herdlike approach to teaching children. 分词伴随状语分词伴随状语 并列结构并列结构 Rewrite the following sentences a. Youll find you are fit for business and you can make it your main job.

50、 b. We will own nothing at all if we depend on luck. c. Dissatisfaction makes people produce desire for better things. d. Since people are always not satisfied with their present situation, they want further development. e. Money can improve their living standard. f. Eating outside has the most adva

51、ntage that we can go at anytime when we finish eating without doing any washing. g. In this continued process, people make progress. h. I am not good at math, but at English. a. Youll find you are fit for business and you can make it your main job. a. You will find that you are cut out for business

52、and you can make it your career. b. We will own nothing at all if we depend on luck. b. We will get nowhere if we rely on luck. c. Dissatisfaction makes people produce desire for better things. c. Dissatisfaction impels people for the better. d. Since people are always not satisfied with their prese

53、nt situation, they want further development. d. Since people are never satisfied with their status quo, they want further development. e. Money can improve their living standard. e. Money can improve their life. f. Eating outside has the most advantage that we can go at anytime when we finish eating

54、 without doing any washing. f. The best part of eating out is that we can leave everything behind after meal. g. In this continued process, people make progress. g. In this cycle, people make progress. h. I am not good at math, but at English. h. My strength is not mathematics but English. 2. Use pr

55、overbs, witty lines etc. - A man is known by the company he keeps. 观其友而知其人。 - As you sow, so will you reap. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于空话。 - All things come to those who wait. 苍天不负苦心人。 - All things are difficult before they are easy. 万事开头难。 - Achievement is founded on diligence

56、and wasted upon recklessness. 业精于勤荒于嬉。 - Better late than never. 迟做总比不做好。 Bitter pills may have wholesome effects. 良药苦口利于病， 忠言逆耳利于行。 - Constant dripping wears away the stone. 滴水穿石。 -The error of a moment becomes the regret of a lifetime. 一失足成千古恨。 - Opportunity knocks only once. 机不可失时不再来。 - To err is

57、 humane; to forgive, divine. 人孰无过，宽恕为贵 (1) We feel free to do whatever we like, no longer restricted to the dull classroom regulations. (2) We may breathe in much fresher air and do many outdoor activities which we enjoy very much. (3) The beautiful natural scenery may make us very excited. (4) We c

58、an fly kites and run after them excitedly and take a lot of photos against the magnificent scenes. Although women are usually considered the “gentle sex,” throughout history individual strong-nerved women have proved tougher than the ordinary man. Joan of Arc, the fifteenth century maid of Orleans,

59、led hardened warriors in battles which taxed even their strength. A scholar in her own right, Queen Elizabeth I of England demonstrated that a woman could match wits with the master politicians of Europe. 无特别要求，按时间排序 In the nineteenth century a New England lady disguised herself as a man and sailed before the mast around Cape Horn. The gentle-born Florence Nightingale pione