托福听力语音识别填空理解练习

1、Speech 1The _1 reek word for “ man ” is “ anthropos ” and the word2_anthropology_ hasbeen in the English language_3_ for centuriesButjust what does the word mean? Literally an thropology means“ 4_the study of man_ ” However, as British_ 5_ philosopher. AlfredNorth Whitehead_6_ noted, “ It is a well

2、founded historicalgen eralizati on that_7_the last thi ng to be discovered._ n anyscie nee is whatscie nee is really about ” And as Paul Boha nnan, _8_renowned anthropologistpoin tedout a nu mber of years ago, “ Each scie nee that deals with people has its own9 .definitionsof human. An_10_ _economis

3、t，“ he explains, ” defines ahuman as a_11 .choice-makinganimal. Philosophers _12_ definemanas a 13 .rationalizinganimal” Anthropology14 _ .attemptsto beall-i nclusive-the study of huma n .15_behaviorin all places and throughouttime. It.16.specializes.in the .17.describtion of 18 .humanistic,scientif

4、ic,biological, historical, psychological, and social views of humans._ .Now, to .19. paraphraseBarbara Miller s statement in her textbook, culturalan thropology , the popular impressi on of an thropology is .20.based mainly onmovies and televisi on shows that .21.anticipatedan thropologists asadve n

5、turers and heroes. Some do have adve ntures and discover treasures inEgyptian .22. .tombsand elsewhere, but.23. mostly , their work isless .24. glamourous and invo lves .25_repetitive. _and .26. tedious._activities.Un til around the middle of the nin etee nth cen tury, an thropology was a termused f

6、or all huma ni sts.27. My lecture today expla ins the fields and bran ches of anthropology.We re going to.28begin bystating that anthropology is the study ofhuma n behavior in all places and at all times.Western.29 . civilizations. takes credit for the development of anthropology,which, .30 as a mat

7、ter of fact, was a relatively late scienee. Earlier Greek andRoma n philosophers were more in terested in .31.speculatingabout the idealsociety .32 rather thandescribing those known to them.After the_33 . on set of the Age of Explorati on, which in cluded thediscovery of the Americas, as well as tra

8、vel to other distant places, the study of non-wester n people bega n in earn est. I n moder n day, an thropology is a recognized 34 social scieneewith two 35 broad fields andseveral.36_ branches or sub-fields.The two broad fields are .37_physical an thropology and38 cultural a nthropology. Let me gi

9、ve you a 39 brief descripti on.ofeach. Physical an thropology is concerned with the developme nt of man asa 40 .mammal. . Related subjects are.41 _anatomy ., biology, andpale on tology. Physical an thropologists study the _42_evolution _of thehuman_43species_. One way they do this is by the comparat

10、ivean alysis of fossils-preserved _44_ _remanenceof on ce-li ving creatures andliving_45_ primates_ _ which include human beings or Homo sapiens. Common46 _fossils_ are shells, bones, and molds or imprints. These are found buried in the earth or_47_perma nen tly froze n in glaciers_ . Livi ng primat

11、esare an alyzed in order to study the mecha nics of evolutio n and _48_genetic _differences among human populations.Next let s talk about cultural anthropology. This field is the study of learned behavior in human societies. Most cultural anthropologists limit themselves to a few_49 .geographic area

12、s_ _, _50_for example_ _, Margaret Mead in Samoa and New Guin ea, and Clyde Kluckhoh n with the Navajo In dia ns in the southwestern United States. I should mention that Kluckhohn s work Mirror forMan is con sidered_51_ one of the best in troducti ons to anthropology一. Culturalan thropology and the

13、_52_scientific_study of huma n culture will be discussedin more detail in our next lecture. The subfields of cultural anthropology are_53archeology, li nguistics and ethnography._.Archaeology is the study of differe nt cultures through material sources ratherthan direct 54in terviewsor observationso

14、f the groupun der study. 55oneexample. _ofa famous archaeological site discovered in the past century was King Tut sTomb n ear Luxor, Egypt, i n 1922.Lin guistics, as you probably kno w, is the study of Ian guage as56 communicationamong huma ns. Culture is lear ned and57 transmitted primarily throug

15、h Ianguage.Eth no graphy is the systematic descripti on of huma n societies,58 _mostlybasedon firsthand fieldwork. Based on ethnographies, anthropologists provide eth no logies or expla nati ons of the behavior of differe nt peoples. A sec ond subfield of eth no graphy is socialan thropology. Social

16、 an thropology is59 concerned with peopleas social beings. A related subject is, of course,sociology.Let me also men ti on briefly psychological an thropology, which deals withhuma n_60 _person alityand feelings.These are greatlyin flue needby anin dividual sbiological an d_61 _mentai characteristic

17、s, as well as physicalsurro undings and pers on al_62_experiences. Related subjects are psychologyand psychiatry.It is importa nt to note that there are several _63_univesalscom mon amongall societies;_64_ for example, the basic similarities in human biology and theexiste nee of two sexes. Ano ther

18、of these is educati on either formal or in formalor both. Educati on is n ecessary to provide the young with the65 _skills and attitudes needed to carry on as_66_ adults.So, you might ask, what are the practical applications for such a broad field?The an swer is that an thropology helps us _67_pla n

19、 the fieldand helps uscon tribute to the _68_ solutionsof huma n problems. This n ewest area of thestudy of man is applied an thropology._69_a formally. _, an thropology waslimited to the academic field. An thropologists were teachers or museumcurators. But for the past several _70_ decadeslarge nu

20、mbers of “ an thrograduates have bee n employed in fields such as _71_urbanpla nning andadmi nistratio n, _72_ _health care, and intern ati onal developme nt. Mostimporta nt is that although an thropologists have take n up the task ofdocumenting the 73 processes and changes_of cultures past and pres

21、ent, theyalso provide the n ecessary in sight in to_74 _where the huma n species is hid ing_Speech 2Let me begi n the lecture today by ask ing, _1_what exactly is culture _Thisquestion has been _2_ approached_ by anthropologists in many different ways. Murdock, _3_ for example_ _, in outline of worl

22、d cultures, produced what many have called the _4 the ultimate laundry listof thi ngs cultural, by naming 900-odd_5of human behavior. I won t _6_attempt_ to go into these at this time.Another less _7list is the famous “grocery list ” of Edward B. Tyler. Hewrote, “ culture is that _8_ complex whole w

23、hich in cludes kno wledge,_9_belief, art, morals _ , custom, and any other_10_ capabilitiesa nd habitsacquired by man as a member of society. ” But another _11_ definition ofculture that many find useful is,“ the_12_ totality_ _ of lear ned, sociallytran smitted behavior.” Obviously this defi niti o

24、n leaves out much if we feel13 obligated to include all the ways of life that have been evolved by people in every society.A particular culture, then, would mean the total shared way of life of a given group. This would in clude their ways of thinking, act ing, and feeli ng as reflected in their_14_

25、 religion _, law, la nguage, art, and customs, as well as con crete thi ngs such as_15_houses, cloth ing and tools. Cultural an thropology isthe study of cultures-living and dead. In its totality, it includes linguistics, the study of speech forms, _16_ _archaeology( the study of dead cultures),and_

26、17_ethnology_ _, which is the study of living cultures or those that can be observed directly.Why study cultural an thropology? One reas on no ted by Ruth Ben edict, ano ther well-k nown an thropologist, is that the story of huma nity from the Stone Age to the present is such a fascinating one of cu

27、ltural growth. Interestingly, every society has gone through three _18_ stages _or steps of cultural growth. These are savagery, barbarism, and fin ally, civilizati on. The last is, of course, to vary ing degrees.We are ofte n rem in ded of ano ther _19_compellingreas on to lear n aboutdiffere nt cu

28、ltures-to lear n and use a foreig n Ian guage effectively. Most of us realize that just knowing the Ian guage of ano ther culture is not eno ugh for_20_ meaningful communication. You can ask anyone who has tried touse their high school Spanish in side a Spani sh-speak ing coun try.Ned Seelye, in his

29、 1993 book Teachi ng Culture, lists six _21skills _to nurtureand support in tercultural com muni cati on:Number 1: Cultivate_22_ curiosity _ about another culture and empathy toward its members.Number 2: Recog nize that differe nt roles and other social variables such as age, sex, social class, reli

30、gi on, eth ni city, and _23_ place of residence_ _affect the waypeople speak and behave.Number3: Realize that effective com muni cati on requires discoveri ng the culturally _24_ conditioned images of people_when they think, act, and react to theworld around them.Number4: Recog nize that situati ona

31、l _25_ variables and conventionsshapepeople s behavior in important ways.Number5: Un dersta nd that people gen erally act the way they do because they are _26_ excis ing the options_their society allows for satisfy ing basicphysical and psychological n eeds.And, fin ally, nu mber6: Develop the abili

32、ty to evaluate the truth of agen eralizati on about the target culture and to _27_locate_ _and orga nizein formati on about the target culture from books, mass media, people, and pers onal observati ons.Culture and society must coexist. Without livi ng together people cannot createa culture or a way

33、 of life. If a_28_ group or society is small, isolated ,and_29_ stable , it might also share a single culture. For example, thinkof the Tasaday, allegedly a Stone Age people in the Philippine rain forest, who were discovered by anthropologists back in 1971. A side note is that due to their supposed_

34、30 isolation, they had no weapons or known words intheir Ianguage for “enemy ” or“war ” In your reading after the lecture, you ll learnmore about the Tasaday and the con troversy surro unding them up to the prese nt time.It is important to remember, however, that_31_ large societies_ , such as those

35、 in Canada, the United States, India, or Egypt, are multicultural or“ pluralist ”societies. They also tend to have many subcultures. In the long history of huma n life, multiculturalism is a fairly_32rece nt phenomenon. Those of us inmulticultural en vir onments must remember that discoveri ng33_sim

36、ilarities一 _among people from differe nt cultures is as importa nt as iden tify ing differe nces. For example, in classrooms on just about every university campus in the world, we find students from many differe nt_34 social and eth nic backgrounds. What are some of the“ uni versalsthat you and othe

37、r intern atio nal stude nts have all experie need in your_35 _earlier educati on al life?One com mon un iversal is that all cultures use _36_ rewards or punishmentstoencourage_37 _correct behavior _. Another_38 _ example _is that societies withhold certain information from the young. This might incl

38、ude faults in our leaders or sexual taboos. A third uni versal is the _39_effort by the con trolli ng group_ _in aculture to educate the young to _40_stre ngthe n and secure_its dominant positi on. In the majority of con temporary societies this con trol is reached through politicalmeans_41_ and in

39、con trast to military actions of ealier times_,_42 _such as_the Roma nConq uests and the Morrish inv asi ons.43 In closi ng this lecture on societies and culture , let me 44 remi nd you not to forget thecontributions of thoughts and actions of the _45jndividual person_ _ in a group. Note theobservat

40、io n of Edward Sapir, ano ther famous an thropologist:“ it is always thein dividual that really thinks and acts and dreams andrevolts. ” _46_Now, obviously the concept of culture will be argued by anthropologists foryears to come.Speech 3To many people throughout the world, some of the _1_most remar

41、kable _and2 puzzling monuments. f ancient times are the pyramids of ancientEgypt.You know, almost nothing at all _3_remains_ of the great cities of the kingsof Egypt, the pharaohs. _4_ Time and weather_ have bee n really hard onancient Egypt s cities and tow ns, but several of the_5_ temples, statue

42、s, and,most importa nt of all, the pyramids have _6_survived_ . Eve n thoughmany of the pyramids are in_7_ _ruins, they still give us some idea ofthe _8 _magnificenee _of ancient Egypt s civilization-a civilization that, after all,lasted for more than 3000 years. Remember, when we re talking about_9

43、_ancient_ Egypt, we re talking about at least thirty consecutive_10_ dynasties.A dyn asty is a series of kings or quee ns of the same _11_ royalfamily-somethinglike the Romanovs of Europe, the Ming dynasty of China, or the Al-Sauds ofSaudi Arabia.As many of you probably already know, the pyramids we

44、re con structed as tombs or _12 _burialplaces for the Egyptian kings and their family members.You see, the ancient Egyptia ns _13_passionately_ believed in life after death.In fact, their entire culture14 _revolved_around that belief. The kings,quee ns, and state officials often_15_spend an en tire

45、life timeprepari ngfor their life after death. They did this by_16 .collecting possessionsor “ gravegoods, ” by_17building tombs_ , and so forth. The Egyptiansbelieved that they could be assured of an afterlife only if their bodies could be preserved from_18_ decay or destruction_. So whe n a pers o

46、n died, and19 especiallywhen a pharaoh died, in order to en sure his20 _eternallife, he had his body embalmed or mummified. In other words,he had his corpse _21_ dried outand wrapped in linen to preserve if fromdecay. Then he had his mummy_22 _hidden. This whole idea mayseem quite strange today, but

47、 the ancient Egyptians really believed that ifone s mummy was destroyed, thenhis or her_23_ soul would be destroyed,and if, on the other hand, the mummy-the dead body-was preserved, the soul would be_24 jmmortal. Let me repeat that. If one s mummy waspreserved, the soul would_25_go on living.For ano

48、 ther thing, the ancient Egyptia ns believed that the dead pers on couldtake his or her earthly possessi on along to the n ext world-this is just theopposite of the Western idea that“ 26 You can t take it with you when you go”Any way, the dead pers on was provided with_27_food, clothi ng, furniture,

49、 weapons_,and even_28 servants. It was not at all unusual for the pharaoh s slaves tobe put to death so that they could serve him in his afterlife.So you can see why the pharaohs wan ted to have their bodies and their possessi ons hidde n to protect them from_29_grave robbers. Before they died,they

50、had special tombs built for this purpose-to hide their bodies andtheir_30_ treasures.In the early years of ancient Egypt, these tombs werethe pyramids-the vast burial chambers that were built to fool the grave robbers.Unfortun ately, the grave robbers almost always outsmarted eve n the_31 _most powe

51、rful and the most carefulof pharaohs. They broke in tomost of the pyramids or tombs and _32 _stole the food and other treasures. theyfound. They eve n desecrated and destroyed the mummies of the dead.Needless to say, they would not bother a poor person s grave. These graverobbers eve n ban ded toget

52、her in to_33_orga ni zati ons or brotherhoods. . Just imagi ne,a grave robbers union!Now, as for the actual construction of the mighty pyramids, it was during theFirst and Second Dyn asties that the _34 _kings and nobles_ of Egypt bega n tocon struct the type of tomb called the“ mastaba. ” The First

53、 and Secondbench or long seat_ _A mastaba looked like a low, flat-topped rectangle-something like a low bench or a shoebox._36 _essentially_, the pointed pyramid was no more than anexte nsion upward of the flat-topped mastaba.The first _37 _typicalpyramid (or, at least what most people 38 architectn

54、amed Imhotep (I-m-h-o-t-e-p). This pyramid was constructedas a series of_39_ giant steps or stairs_ . It, along with others of its type, iscalled the Step Pyramid. It was really simply a pile of mastabas, each step smaller and higher tha n the one before. The Step Pyramid of Ki ng Zoser was40 _diffe

55、rent from _ _the later pyramids _41_ _becauseit was nevercovered with stone to give it a smooth surface.Actually, it was not un til the Fourth Dyn asty that the_42_most famous_ _pyramids were built. The three great pyramids of Giza belong to the FourthDyn asty pyramids. (The Fourth Dyn asty covered

56、the period from 2614 to 2503on the west bank ofthe Nile River, just outside the _44_ capital cityof Egypt-Cairo. TheGreat Pyramids are really the very _45_best reservedof all the Egyptia npyramids. The _46 largestof these pyramids of is known as the GreatPyramid. And great it is! It was built for Ki

57、ng Khufu (that s K-h-u-f-u). (Khufuwas called CheopsC-h-e-o-p-s by the Greeks, and so the pyramid is sometimes called the pyramid of Cheops.) It has been _47_estimated. 一that2.3million blocks of limestone were used to build the Great Pyramid. The blocks averaged 2500 kilograms each. The largest stone block48 weightsabout 15000 kilos. The base of the pyramid covers 5.3hectares-a n area large eno ugh to hold ten_49_football fields . There s a storythat the conqueror Napoleon once sat in the50 shadowof the Greatpyramid