机械外文翻译文献翻译影响工件表面质量的因素

1、机械专业中英文文献翻译英文原文influence factors on the quality of the workplace surfaceprocessing process on the surface quality of the influencethe vibration of the process system of the influence on the quality of the surfacein mechanical processing process technology system sometimes occur vibration, that is, i

2、n the cutting edge tool and workplace is cutting surface except on the name between cutting motion, but also can appear a cyclical relative motion.vibration that process system by forming movement of the interference and damage, make processing surface appear chatter marks, increases the surface rou

3、ghness value, worsening processing surface quality.cutter geometrical parameters, materials and cutting quality to the surface quality of the influencethe cutting tool geometric parameters on the surface roughness of the biggest influence is vice pianjiao, the main point pianjiao, arc radius. under

4、certain conditions, reduce pianjiao, lord, vice pianjiao point arc radius can reduce surface roughness. under the same conditions, carbide cutting tools process of surface roughness value less than high speed steel paper cutting knife, and diamond and cbn) tools and better than hard alloy, but becau

5、se the diamond and iron family affinity materials, it should not be used for processing iron family materials. in addition, the cutting tool before and after the face, cutting knife blade itself directly influence the roughness of the processing the roughness of the surface, therefore, improve the q

6、uality of cutting tool, cutting tool and face, cutting knife blade roughness value should be lower than the roughness of the 1 2 levels.cutting fluid to the influence on the quality of the surfacecutting fluid cooling and lubrication effect can reduce the cutting process of interface friction, reduc

7、e the temperature of cutting zone, the cutting metal surface layer of plastic deformation degree down, restrain the develop the thorn and scales produced in the production of different materials for reasonable choice of cutting fluids can reduce the surface roughness.the workplace material on the su

8、rface quality of the influencethe workplace material nature; processing plastic materials, the cutting tools for metal extrusion produced plastic deformation, and the cutting tool and workplace forced separation of the torn scraps effect, make the surface roughness value increase. the workplace mate

9、rial tenacity the better, metal, plastic deformation, the bigger the processing surface is the more the rough. processing brittle material in the chip broken granular, due to the collapse in broken and endows the machined surface left many pitted surface roughness.general toughness large plastic mat

10、erials, processing after large surface roughness, and toughness of smaller plastic materials, processing to get smaller after the surface roughness. for the same kind of material, the greater the grain size of the organization, the larger the surface roughness. therefore, in order to reduce the surf

11、ace roughness, often in cutting processing of material before quenching and tempering or is the fire of treatment to obtain homogeneous fine grain organization and high hardness.cutting condition the influence on the quality of the surfaceand cutting condition of the relevant process factors, includ

12、ing cutting dosages, cooling lubrication. in low speed processing plastic materials, easy to produce the develop and scales thorn, so, improve the cutting speed, can reduce the develop and scales thorn, decreasing part already the surface roughness value; for brittle material, general wont form the

13、develop and scales thorn, so, cutting speed on the surface roughness basically no influence. the increase speed, plastic deformation also increases, the surface roughness increases, so, reduce the speed can reduce the surface roughness value, however, feeding reduced to certain value, roughness wont

14、 obviously decreased. normal cutting conditions, cutting depth on the surface roughness the impact is not big, therefore, mechanical process cannot select the too small cutting depth.cutting speed on the surface roughness influencegeneral at the early choose low speed cutting and finishing choose hi

15、gh speed cutting can reduce the surface roughness. in the medium speed cutting plastic materials, due to easy to produce the develop, and plastic deformation is bigger, so after processing parts surface roughness is bigger. usually by low or high speed cutting plastic material, can effectively avoid

16、 the develop of generation, this to reduce table and roughness have positive role.on the surface quality of the grinding effectsthe influence of the grinding wheel grinding wheel granularity the thinner, per unit area grain number grinding, the more of the grinding surface in fine scratches the surf

17、ace roughness is small; but if too fine granularity, processing to jam wheel it will increase the surface roughness, also easy to produce the ripple and cause burns. the hardness of the grinding wheel should be the right size, its half the longer the better passivation period; the hardness of the gr

18、inding wheel is too high, grinding mill is not easy to fall off when grain, make processing surface is of friction, extrusion action intensifies, thus increasing the plastic deformation, making the surface roughness increases, also easy cause burns; but the grinding wheel is too soft, grits too easy

19、 to fall off, can make grinding action is reduced, leading to the surface roughness increases, so to select the right grinding wheel hardness. grinding wheel dressing the higher the quality, the surface of the grinding wheel cutting the blade, cutting the number of all the more the better of the bla

20、de contour sex, grinding surface roughness and smaller.the influence of the grinding wheel speed increase dosage, unit time through the processing of grinding surface grain number increase, each star grits is ground to reduce thickness of the metal, the surface area of the residual reduced; and at t

21、he same time, improve the grinding wheel speed can also reduce the workplace material of plastic deformation, these can make processing surface roughness value reduced. reduce the speed, unit time through the processing of grinding surface grain number increase, the surface roughness decreased; but

22、the low speed, workplace and grinding wheel contact time long, to the quantity of heat of the increasing, opposite will increase the roughness, may also increase surface burn. increase grinding depth and longitudinal feeding, the plastic deformation increase, will lead to the surface roughness value

23、 increase. radial feeding increase, the grinding process grinding force and grinding temperature will increase, grinding surface plastic deformation degree increase, which will increase the surface roughness. to guarantee the machining quality in the premise of grinding efficiency increase, will req

24、uire a higher surface the coarse grinding and fine grinding separately, coarse grinding is used when the big radial direction feeding, fine grinding the radial feeding the smaller when, finally without into to grinding, to get the surface roughness of surface is very small.the workplace material the

25、 workplace material of hardness, plastic and thermal conductivity on the surface roughness of big effect. large plastic soft material easy jam grinding wheel, thermal conductivity poor heat resistant alloy easy for the abrasive early caving, will lead to increased grinding surface roughness.in addit

26、ion, because grinding to the high temperature, reasonable use cutting fluids can reduce the grinding of temperature, reduce burns, can also rushed to fall off the grits and scraps, avoid scratch workplace, so as to reduce the surface roughness.affect the surface of physical and mechanical properties

27、 of factorssurface layer cold hardening. the cutting edges obtuse radius increased, and the surface of metal the extrusion of enhanced, plastic deformation intensifies, cold hard to strengthen. after cutting tool knife surface wear increases, the knife surface and after processed surface friction in

28、tensified, plastic deformation increase, cold hard to strengthen. cutting speed increase, cutting tool and workplace role time is shortened, make plastic deformation expand the depth decreases, and cold hard layer depth decreases. after cutting speed increase, heat cutting in the surface layer effec

29、t time also shortened, will make cold hard degree increase. feeding increases, cutting force also increased, and the surface of the metal plastic deformation intensifies, cold hard effect is strengthening. the workplace material of plastic is larger and the cold hard phenomenon the serious.surface l

30、ayer material metallographic composition change. when cutting the heat was processing surface temperature of phase change after more than temperature, the surface of the metal microstructure will change. grinding burns when a surface temperature of phase change to millers temperature above, metal su

31、rface microstructure occurred change, make the surface of the metal strength and hardness of the lower, and with residual stress produce appear even microscopic cracks, this phenomenon is called grinding burns. improve grinding burns grinding heat caused by grinding way is the root of the burn, so i

32、mproving grinding burns by two ways: one is as far as possible to reduce the generation of grinding heat; 2 it is improved cooling condition, make as far as possible the quantity of heat to produce less workplace. the correct choice grinding wheel reasonable choice of cutting dosages improved coolin

33、g conditions.surface layer residual stress. produce residual stress of reason: cutting in processing the metal layer and the surface when there were plastic deformation occurs, the surface of the metal to hematocrit increase; cutting processing, cutting area will have a lot of heat cutting produce;

34、different analysis of metallographic organization has different density, also have different olume is necessarily affected by the change of connected the matrix of the metal bar, hence residual stress produce. the main work surface eventually process to the choice of methods. choose the main parts w

35、ork surface eventually process method, we must consider the main parts of the specific work surface working conditions and the possible damage to the form. in alternating load, the machine parts on the surface of the local micro cracks, because of tensile stress of action to make primary crack expan

36、ding, resulting in parts fracture. improve parts from the view point of fatigue damage resistance, the final process should choose the surface in the surface produces residual stress processing method. in the machining process, tools on the squash and friction make metal materials happen plastic def

37、ormation, cause the original residue area of distortion or groove lines deepened, increases the surface roughness. when the medium or medium low cutting speed cutting plastic material, the surface before the sword in easy to form a high hardness of the devolop, it can take the place of the cutting t

38、ool, but state very unstable, the develop generation, grow up and fall off will seriously affect the machined surface roughness value. in addition, in cutting process due to the strong scraps and former knife friction role and tear phenomenon, but also in processing on the surface may produce scale

39、thorn, make processing surface roughness increases.grinding surface layer analysis of metallographic organization changes and grinding burnsmechanical processing produces in the process of heat cutting processing surface of workplace will make the rise of temperature of the violently, when the tempe

40、rature more than the workplace material metallographic organization changes of the critical temperature, metallographic organization change will occur. in grinding processing, because most grits before cutting angle is negative, grinding temperature is high, the quantity of heat of generation is muc

41、h higher than cutting calories at, and grinding heat have 60 to 80% to the workplace, so very prone to the change of metallographic organization, makes the metal surface hardness and strength of decline, produce residual stress and even cause microcracks, this phenomenon is called grinding burns. pr

42、oduce grinding burns, processing surface often appear yellow, brown, purple, green and burn color, this is grinding surface oxidation of high temperature in instantaneous film under color. different burns color, shows that the surface of different levels by burns.grinding hardened steel, workplace s

43、urface layer due to the role of the instantaneous heat, it may produce the following three metallographic organization changes:if grinding surface layer temperature not over phase transition temperature, but more than martensite transition temperature, then martensite will change to become low hardn

44、ess of tempering methods, and meanwhile body or body, this call tempering burns.if grinding surface layer temperature more than phase transition temperatures, the martensite transformation for austenitic, at this time without cutting fluids, the grinding surface hardness fell sharply, surface was an

45、nealing, this phenomenon is called annealing burns. when dry grinding is easy to produce this kind of phenomenon.if grinding surface layer temperature more than phase transition temperature, but have the full cutting fluid on the cooling, the grinding surface layer will be urgent cold forming second

46、ary hardened martensitic, hardness than tempering martensite high, but the surface layer is very thin, and only a few microns thick, under which the low hardness for tempering saxhlet body and saxhlet body, make the surface layer general hardness still reduce, called quenching burns.grinding burns i

47、mprovement measureinfluence factors of grinding burns is grinding dosage, grinding wheel, the workpiece material and cooling conditions. because grinding heat caused by grinding burns is the root cause of, because this wants to avoid grinding burns, should as far as possible to reduce the heat gener

48、ated when grinding and decrease as far as possible to the quantity of heat of workplace. specific can adopt the following measures:choosing grinding reasonable dosage cannot use the too big grinding depth, because when grinding depth increases, the plastic deformation is increased, the surface layer

49、 and the temperature will increase, burns will also increase; the speed increase, a surface temperature will increase grinding zone, but due to the hot action time reduced, so can reduce the burn.the workplace material the workplace material grinding zone of the influence of the temperature of depen

50、ds primarily on its hardness and strength, toughness and thermal conductivity. the workplace material hardness, the higher the strength, toughness, the bigger the grinding work when the more consumption, the quantity of heat that produced the more, the easy generation burns; thermal conductivity of

51、poor material, also easy to appear in the grinding burns.the choice of high hardness of the grinding wheel grinding wheel, passivated grits is not easy to fall off, easy to produce burns, so with soft grinding wheel is better; choose coarse granularity grinding wheel grinding, not easily by grinding

52、 wheel grinding jams, can reduce burned; combine agent of grinding burns also has a great influence, resin combination agent than ceramic combination agent easy to produce burns, rubber binder than resin binder are more likely to have burned.cooling conditions for reduction in grinding of temperatur

53、e, widely used in this cutting liquid cooling. in order to make cutting fluids can injection to the surface, usually the cutting fluid flow increase.中文译文影响工件表面质量的因素 加工过程对表面质量的影响工艺系统的振动对工件表面质量的影响在机械加工过程中工艺系统有时会发生振动，即在刀具的切削刃与工件上正在切削的表面之间除了名义上的切削运动之外，还会出现一种周期性的相对运动。振动使工艺系统的各种成形运动受到干扰和破坏，使加工表面出现振纹，增大表面粗

54、糙度值，恶化加工表面质量。刀具几何参数、材料和刃磨质量对表面质量的影响刀具的几何参数中对表面粗糙度影响最大主要是副偏角、主偏角、刀尖圆弧半径。在一定的条件下，减小副偏角、主偏角、刀尖圆弧半径都可以降低表面粗糙度。在同样条件下，硬质合金刀具加工的表面粗糙度值低于高速钢刀具，而金刚石、立方氮化硼刀具又优于硬质合金，但由于金刚石与铁族材料亲和力大，故不宜用来加工铁族材料。另外，刀具的前、后刀面、切削刃本身的粗糙度直接影响加工表面的粗糙度，因此，提高刀具的刃磨质量，使刀具前后刀面、切削刃的粗糙度值应低于工件的粗糙度值的12级。切削液对表面质量的影响切削液的冷却和润滑作用能减小切削过程中的界面摩擦，降低

55、切削区温度，使切削层金属表面的塑性变形程度下降，抑制积屑瘤和鳞刺的产生，在生产中对于不同材料合理选用切削液可大大减小工件表面粗糙度。工件材料对表面质量的影响工件材料的性质；加工塑性材料时，由刀具对金属的挤压产生了塑性变形，加之刀具迫使切屑与工件分离的撕裂作用，使表面粗糙度值加大。工件材料韧性越好，金属的塑性变形越大，加工表面就愈越粗糙。加工脆性材料时其切屑呈碎粒状，由于切屑的崩碎而在加工表面留下许多麻点使表面粗糙。一般韧性较大的塑性材料，加工后表面粗糙度较大，而韧性较小的塑性材料，加工后易得到较小的表面粗糙度。对于同种材料，其晶粒组织越大，加工表面粗糙度越大。因此，为了减小加工表面粗糙度，常在

56、切削加工前对材料进行调质或正火处理，以获得均匀细密的晶粒组织和较高的硬度。切削条件对工件表面质量的影响与切削条件有关的工艺因素，包括切削用量、冷却润滑情况。中、低速加工塑性材料时，容易产生积屑瘤和鳞刺，所以，提高切削速度，可以减少积屑瘤和鳞刺，减小零件已加工表面粗糙度值；对于脆性材料，一般不会形成积屑瘤和鳞刺，所以，切削速度对表面粗糙度基本上无影响。进给速度增大，塑性变形也增大，表面粗糙度值增大，所以，减小进给速度可以减小表面粗糙度值，但是，进给量减小到一定值时，粗糙度值不会明显下降。正常切削条件下，切削深度对表面粗糙度影响不大，因此，机械加工时不能选用过小的切削深度。切削速度对表面粗糙度的影

57、响一般在粗加工选用低速车削，精加工选用高速车削可以减小表面粗糙度。在中速切削塑性材料时，由于容易产生积屑瘤，且塑性变形较大，因此加工后零件表面粗糙度较大。通常采用低速或高速切削塑性材料，可有效地避免积屑瘤的产生，这对减小表而粗糙度有积极作用。磨削加工对表面质量的影响砂轮的影响 砂轮的粒度越细，单位面积上的磨粒数越多，在磨削表面的刻痕越细，表面粗糙度越小；但若粒度太细，加工时砂轮易被堵塞反而会使表面粗糙度增大，还容易产生波纹和引起烧伤。砂轮的硬度应大小合适，其半钝化期愈长愈好；砂轮的硬度太高，磨削时磨粒不易脱落，使加工表面受到的摩擦、挤压作用加剧，从而增加了塑性变形，使得表面粗糙度增大，还易引起

58、烧伤；但砂轮太软，磨粒太易脱落，会使磨削作用减弱，导致表面粗糙度增加，所以要选择合适的砂轮硬度。砂轮的修整质量越高，砂轮表面的切削微刃数越多、各切削微刃的等高性越好，磨削表面的粗糙度越小。磨削用量的影响 增大砂轮速度，单位时间内通过加工表面的磨粒数增多，每颗磨粒磨去的金属厚度减少，工件表面的残留面积减少；同时提高砂轮速度还能减少工件材料的塑性变形，这些都可使加工表面的表面粗糙度值降低。降低工件速度，单位时间内通过加工表面的磨粒数增多，表面粗糙度值减小；但工件速度太低，工件与砂轮的接触时间长，传到工件上的热量增多，反面会增大粗糙度，还可能增加表面烧伤。增大磨削深度和纵向进给量，工件的塑性变形增大

59、，会导致表面粗糙度值增大。径向进给量增加，磨削过程中磨削力和磨削温度都会增加，磨削表面塑性变形程度增大，从而会增大表面粗糙度值。为在保证加工质量的前提下提高磨削效率，可将要求较高的表面的粗磨和精磨分开进行，粗磨时采用较大的径向进给量，精磨时采用较小的径向进给量，最后进行无进给磨削，以获得表面粗糙度值很小的表面。 工件材料 工件材料的硬度、塑性、导热性等对表面粗糙度的影响较大。塑性大的软材料容易堵塞砂轮，导热性差的耐热合金容易使磨料早期崩落，都会导致磨削表面粗糙度增大。另外，由于磨削温度高，合理使用切削液既可以降低磨削区的温度，减少烧伤，还可以冲去脱落的磨粒和切屑，避免划伤工件，从而降低表面粗糙度值。影响工件表面物理机械性能的因素表面层冷作硬化。切削刃钝圆半径增大,对表层金属的挤压作用增强,塑性变形加剧,导致冷硬增强。刀具后刀面磨损增大,后刀面与被加工表面