On Application of Conversionin EnglishChinese Translation 论转换法在英汉翻译中的应用

1、羇莁薀羀袃莀蚂螃膂荿莂薆膈荿薄袂肄莈蚇蚄羀莇莆袀袆莆葿蚃膅蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃蚁羆蒃莃袆袂蒃薅虿芁蒂蚈羅膇蒁螀螈肃蒀葿羃罿肇薂螆袅肆蚄羁膄膅莄螄肀膄蒆羀羆膃蚈螂羂膂螁蚅芀膁蒀袁膆膁薃蚄肂膀蚅衿羈腿莅蚂袄芈蒇袇膃芇蕿蚀聿芆螂袆肅芅蒁螈羁芅薃羄袇芄蚆螇膅芃莅羂肁节蒈螅羇莁薀羀袃莀蚂螃膂荿莂薆膈荿薄袂肄莈蚇蚄羀莇莆袀袆莆葿蚃膅蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃蚁羆蒃莃袆袂蒃薅虿芁蒂蚈羅膇蒁螀螈肃蒀葿羃罿肇薂螆袅肆蚄羁膄膅莄螄肀膄蒆羀羆膃蚈螂羂膂螁蚅芀膁蒀袁膆膁薃蚄肂膀蚅衿羈腿莅蚂袄芈蒇袇膃芇蕿蚀聿芆螂袆肅芅蒁螈羁芅薃羄袇芄蚆螇膅芃莅羂肁节蒈螅羇莁薀羀袃莀蚂螃膂荿莂薆膈荿薄袂肄莈蚇蚄羀莇莆袀袆莆葿蚃膅蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃蚁羆蒃莃袆袂蒃薅虿

2、芁蒂蚈羅膇蒁螀螈肃蒀葿羃罿肇薂螆袅肆蚄羁膄膅莄螄肀膄蒆羀羆膃蚈螂羂膂螁蚅芀膁蒀袁膆膁薃蚄肂膀蚅衿羈腿莅蚂袄芈蒇袇膃芇蕿蚀聿芆螂袆肅芅蒁螈羁芅薃羄袇芄蚆螇膅芃莅羂肁节蒈螅羇莁薀羀袃莀蚂螃膂荿莂薆膈荿薄袂肄莈蚇蚄羀莇莆袀袆莆葿蚃膅蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃蚁羆蒃莃袆袂蒃薅虿芁蒂蚈羅膇蒁螀螈肃蒀葿羃罿肇薂螆袅肆蚄羁膄膅莄螄肀膄蒆羀羆膃蚈螂羂膂螁蚅芀膁蒀袁膆膁薃蚄肂膀蚅衿羈腿莅蚂袄芈蒇袇膃芇蕿蚀聿芆螂袆肅芅蒁螈羁芅薃羄袇芄蚆螇膅芃莅羂肁节蒈螅羇莁薀羀袃莀蚂螃膂荿莂薆膈荿薄袂肄莈蚇蚄羀莇莆袀袆莆葿蚃膅蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃蚁羆蒃莃袆袂蒃薅虿芁蒂蚈羅膇蒁螀螈肃蒀葿羃罿肇薂螆袅肆蚄羁膄膅莄螄肀膄蒆羀羆膃蚈螂羂膂螁蚅芀膁蒀袁膆膁薃蚄

3、肂膀蚅衿羈腿莅蚂袄芈蒇袇膃芇蕿蚀聿芆螂袆肅芅蒁螈羁芅薃羄袇芄蚆螇膅芃莅羂肁节蒈螅羇莁薀羀袃莀蚂螃膂荿莂薆膈荿薄袂肄莈蚇蚄羀莇莆袀袆莆葿蚃膅蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃蚁羆蒃莃袆袂蒃薅虿芁蒂蚈羅膇蒁螀螈肃蒀葿羃罿肇薂螆袅肆蚄羁膄膅莄螄肀膄蒆羀羆膃蚈螂羂膂螁蚅芀膁蒀袁膆膁薃蚄肂膀蚅衿羈腿莅蚂袄芈蒇袇膃芇蕿蚀聿芆螂袆肅芅蒁螈羁芅薃羄袇芄蚆螇膅芃莅羂肁节蒈螅羇莁薀羀袃莀蚂螃膂荿莂薆膈荿薄袂肄莈蚇蚄羀莇莆袀袆莆葿蚃膅蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃蚁羆蒃莃袆袂蒃薅虿芁蒂蚈羅膇蒁螀螈肃蒀葿羃罿肇薂螆袅肆蚄羁膄膅莄螄肀膄蒆羀羆膃蚈螂羂膂螁蚅芀膁蒀袁膆膁薃蚄肂膀蚅衿羈腿莅蚂袄芈蒇袇膃芇蕿蚀聿芆螂袆肅芅蒁螈羁芅薃羄袇芄蚆螇膅芃莅羂肁节蒈螅羇莁薀羀

4、袃莀蚂螃膂荿莂薆膈荿薄袂肄莈蚇蚄羀莇莆袀袆莆葿蚃膅蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃蚁羆蒃莃袆袂蒃薅虿芁蒂蚈羅膇蒁螀螈肃蒀葿羃罿肇薂螆袅肆蚄羁膄膅莄螄肀膄蒆羀羆膃蚈螂羂膂螁蚅芀膁蒀袁膆膁薃蚄肂膀蚅衿羈腿莅蚂袄芈蒇袇膃芇蕿蚀聿芆螂袆肅芅蒁螈羁芅薃羄袇芄蚆螇膅芃莅羂肁节蒈螅羇莁薀羀袃莀蚂螃膂荿莂薆膈荿薄袂肄莈蚇蚄羀莇莆袀袆莆葿蚃膅蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃蚁羆蒃莃袆袂蒃薅虿芁蒂蚈羅膇蒁螀螈肃蒀葿羃罿肇薂螆袅肆蚄羁膄膅莄螄肀膄蒆羀羆膃蚈螂羂膂螁蚅芀膁蒀袁膆膁薃蚄肂膀蚅衿羈腿莅蚂袄芈蒇袇膃芇蕿蚀聿芆螂袆肅芅蒁螈羁芅薃羄袇芄蚆螇膅芃莅羂肁节蒈螅羇莁薀羀袃莀蚂螃膂荿莂薆膈荿薄袂肄莈蚇蚄羀莇莆袀袆莆葿蚃膅蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃蚁羆蒃莃袆袂蒃薅虿芁蒂蚈羅

5、膇蒁螀螈肃蒀葿羃罿肇薂螆袅肆蚄羁膄膅莄螄肀膄蒆羀羆膃蚈螂羂膂螁蚅芀膁蒀袁膆膁薃蚄肂膀蚅衿羈腿莅蚂袄芈蒇袇膃芇蕿蚀聿芆螂袆肅芅蒁螈羁芅薃羄袇芄蚆螇膅芃莅羂肁节蒈螅羇莁薀羀袃莀蚂螃膂荿莂薆膈荿薄袂肄莈蚇蚄羀莇莆袀袆莆葿蚃膅蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃蚁羆蒃莃袆袂蒃薅虿芁蒂蚈羅膇蒁螀螈肃蒀葿羃罿肇薂螆袅肆蚄羁膄膅莄螄肀膄蒆羀羆膃蚈螂羂膂螁蚅芀膁蒀袁膆膁薃蚄肂膀蚅衿羈腿莅蚂袄芈蒇袇膃芇蕿蚀聿芆螂袆肅芅蒁螈羁芅薃羄袇芄蚆螇膅芃莅羂肁节蒈螅羇莁薀羀袃莀蚂螃膂荿莂薆膈荿薄袂肄莈蚇蚄羀莇莆袀袆莆葿蚃膅蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃蚁羆蒃莃袆袂蒃薅虿芁蒂蚈羅膇蒁螀螈肃蒀葿羃罿肇薂螆袅肆蚄羁膄膅莄螄肀膄蒆羀羆膃蚈螂羂膂螁蚅芀膁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿

6、肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃

7、节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇

8、膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂

9、羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆

10、芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃

11、聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇

12、芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁

13、膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆

14、羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀

15、腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄

16、肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁

17、芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅

18、膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀

19、羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄

20、腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈

21、肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃

22、芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿

23、肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄

24、羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈

25、膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂

26、肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇

27、芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁

28、肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃蒃羆羂薂薅蝿莁薂螇肅芇薁袀袇膃薀蕿肃聿膆蚂袆羅膆螄肁芃芅蒄袄腿芄薆聿肅芃蚈袂肁节袁蚅

29、莀芁薀羁芆芀蚂螃膂芀螅罿肈艿蒄螂羄莈薇羇芃莇虿螀腿莆袁羅膅莅薁螈肁莄蚃肄羇莄螆袇芅莃蒅肂膁莂薈袅肇蒁蚀肀羃蒀螂袃节葿蒂蚆芈蒈蚄羁膄蒈螆螄肀蒇蒆羀羆蒆薈螃芄蒅蚁羈膀薄螃螁肆薃 山东财经大学本科毕业论文(设计) 题目： 论转换法在英汉翻译中的应用 学 院 外国语学院 专 业 英语 班 级 英语0802 学 号 2008110107 姓 名 刘 潇 指导教师 李文涛 山东财经大学教务处制二一二年五月山东财经大学学士学位论文山东财经大学学士学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰

30、写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 学位论文作者签名： 年 月 日山东财经大学关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解山东财经大学有关保留、使用学士学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留、送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅，学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印或其他复制手段保存论文。 指导教师签名： 论文作者签名： 年 月 日 年 月 日on application of conversion in english-chinese translation by liu xiaounder the supervi

31、sion ofli wentaosubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of bachelor of artsschool of foreign studiesshandong university of finance and economicsmay 2012b. a. thesis of shandong university of finance and economicsacknowledgementsupon the completion of the thesis, first of

32、all, i would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor prof. li wentao, for his enlightening guidance, incessant encouragement and careful modification throughout the process of writing this thesis. without his patience and prudence, i could not have brought my thesis to its present fo

33、rm. besides, i am also greatly indebted to other beloved teachers in the school of foreign studies of shandong university of finance and economics, for their valuable and informative courses which have benefited me a lot during my college years.last but not the least, i am also much obliged to all m

34、y friends who have helped me with my thesis. l. x. abstracton application of conversion in english-chinese translationliu xiaodue to the great differences between english and chinese in grammar and expression style, translators may adopt the approaches of changing the word classes and sentence compo

35、nents in english-chinese (e-c) translation. as a frequently-used translation technique, conversion enables translators to achieve a natural, fluent and accurate translation that not only conveys the original texts information but also fits the idiomatic usage of chinese.the thesis consists of three

36、chapters. the first chapter examines the conversion of word classes in e-c translation such as conversion from english nouns or prepositions into chinese verbs. the conversion of word classes usually results in the conversion of sentence components, so the second chapter discusses the conversion of

37、sentence components. the third chapter explores the approaches of how to convert the english perspectives into the corresponding ones conforming to chinese culture and thought pattern.key words: conversion; word classes; sentence components; perspectives; e-c translation摘要论转换法在英汉翻译中的应用刘潇由于英汉两种语言在语法或

38、表达习惯上存在巨大差异, 在英汉翻译的过程中, 译者往往需要改变原文的词类或句子成分。作为英汉翻译中常用的翻译技巧，转换法可以使译文自然、流畅、准确，既传达原意又符合汉语的表达习惯。本文共分三章。第一章介绍了英汉翻译过程中几种常见的词性转换方法，如原文中的名词或介词转换为译文中的动词。词性的转换通常会引起句子成分的改变，第二章分析了句子成分的转换现象。第三章讨论了如何将英语思维视角转换为相应的符合汉语文化和思维模式的视角。关键词：转换法；词类；句子成分；视角；英译汉contentsacknowledgementsiiabstract.iiiabstract in chineseivintrod

39、uction1chapter one conversion of word classes.3i. conversion into chinese verbs3ii. conversion into chinese nouns5iii. conversion into chinese adjectives6iv. conversion into chinese adverbs7chapter two conversion of sentence components.9i. conversion into chinese subjects9ii. conversion into chinese

40、 predicates10iii. conversion into chinese objects11iv. conversion into chinese attributes11v. conversion into chinese complements12chapter three conversion of perspectives14i. conversion of english impersonal subjects14ii. conversion from the abstract into the concrete.17iii. conversion from the sta

41、tive into the dynamic17iv. conversion from the passive into the active18v. conversion between negative and affirmative18conclusion.20works cited.21 introductionin translation we may go through many procedures to translate the text to make it acceptable for the specific communicative situation. the t

42、ranslating process is explained as follows:translation is not the transcoding of words or sentences from one language to another, but a complex form of action, whereby someone provides information on a text (source language material) in a new situation and under changed functional, cultural and ling

43、uistic conditions, preserving formal aspects as closely as possible. (snell-hornby 82) according to the explanation, in translating, a translators task is to convey the content and spirit of the source text and rearrange them into the target text in a smooth and logical way under the new specific si

44、tuations and conditions. additionally, we should remember that “a natural style in translating is nevertheless essential to producing in the ultimate receptors a response similar to that of the original receptors” (ma and miao 17). therefore, effective translation methods and techniques are undoubte

45、dly indispensable in translating activities. conversion, as a grammatical phenomenon, has been a hot subject in the field of linguistic research. since source language and target language are quite different in nature and use, and the target text should convey the meaning of the source text in the c

46、losest natural manner, conversion becomes one of the most effective techniques to seek in the target language the equivalent information of the source language.a clear and correct expression of the source text is what really matters in translation, for it is crucial in translation to seek equivalenc

47、e in content or information, but not absolute formal correspondence. “for most people the informative function is predominantly the major role of language” (hu 10). a good translator will therefore employ all possible means to reproduce the thought of the author faithfully in another language. “conv

48、ersion has long been accepted as one of the techniques essential to improving the quality of our version” (zhong 98), by which the mechanical translation could be avoided; therefore it enables translators to achieve a natural and faithful translation which not only offers information of the source t

49、ext but also keeps with the expression habits of the target language. in this way, contents of both source language and target language are in accordance with each other, though forms may be somewhat changed.the thesis argues that, because of the great differences between english and chinese in gram

50、mar and expression style, conversion becomes a frequently-used translation technique, which enables translators to achieve a natural, fluent and accurate translation. in addition to introduction and conclusion, the thesis consists of three parts. the first chapter discusses the conversion of word cl

51、asses in english-chinese (e-c) translation. the second chapter focuses on the conversion of sentence components, which is usually caused by the conversion of word classes. the third chapter explores the approaches of how to convert the english perspectives into the corresponding ones in chinese.chap

52、ter one conversion of word classesin e-c translation, it is difficult to get an appropriate corresponding chinese word for an english word of the same class all the time. if each word in one language is replaced with words of the same word classes in another, such expressions would sound very awkwar

53、d or even unintelligible to the reader. therefore, effective use of word class conversion is crucial and necessary in e-c translation.i. conversion into chinese verbsbecause one of the most remarkable differences between english and chinese lies in the use of the verb, conversion into chinese verbs

54、has become the basic conversion technique used in e-c translation.i. converting english noun into chinese verbas for english, “it seems possible to express ideas with greater precision and adequacy by means of nouns than by means of the more pictorial verbs” (jespersen 139). that is to say, “english

55、 is a language in which nouns are more widely used than those in chinese, while in chinese verbs are more frequently used and occupy a dominant position” (zhou 391), therefore some english nouns are often converted into chinese verbs in the practical translation. specifically, an english noun which

56、possesses the property of a verb or was derived from a verb is often converted into a verb when translated into chinese. here is an example to illustrate this point. example 1:the use of bacteriological weapons is a clear violation of the international law.使用细菌武器显然违反国际法。ii. converting english prepos

57、ition into chinese verbit is known that “there are about 286 prepositions and prepositional phrases in english” (lian 50). prepositions or prepositional phrases are so widely and frequently used in english that english is sometimes called prepositional language. prepositions in english, which are very rich and flexible in mea