景观设计风格和园林价值保护之间的关系：德国魏玛历史公园的案例研究外文文献翻译英文原文（可编辑）

1、 landscapeandurbanplanning 107 2012 111?117contentslistsavailableatsciversesciencedirectlandscape and urban planningjournal homepage: /0./locate/landurbplantherelationshipbetweenlandscapedesignstyleandtheconservationvalueofparks:acasestudyofahistoricalparkinweimar,germanymartinkmmerling?,norbertmlle

2、rdepartmentlandscapemanagement&restorationecologyandheadof?ceurbio,universityofappliedscienceserfurt,germanyh i g h l i g h t s westudiedahistorical parkinweimar, germany whichispartofunescoworldheritage. welinkedthehistorical designprinciples andtechniques usedtotodaysplantbiodiversity. resultswere

3、compared withsimilargerman andeuropean landscape parks. suggestions forfuturesustainable parkdesign,restoration andmanagement weremade.a r t i c l e i n f oa b s t r a c tarticlehistory:urbanparkscanbeinvasionsourcesthrough planting ofintroduced taxa.ontheotherhand,parksmayactashotspotsofbiodiversit

4、yinurbanareasandcansupportthepreservationofendangeredandraretaxa.evenifhistoricurbanparksareevaluated?rstofallasheritagesites,theyarealsocreditedfortheirecosystem services andpositive aesthetical andsocialvalues.received17april2012accepted9may2012available online 3 june 2012althoughtherearenumerous

5、studiesineuropeonthedesign,philosophies andhistoricalbackgroundof parks as well as their biological diversity, little research has posed the question of how landscapedesignprincipleshavein?uenced thebiologicalconservation valueofparks.becausethelandscapeparkstylewasoneofthemostin?uentialhistoricalla

6、ndscapedesignfashionsineuropewefocusedourstudyontheparkanderilminweimar,germanywhichwascreatedinthelate18thcenturyandissince1998partoftheunesco worldheritage.keywords:biodiversityhistoricalgardenshorticultureurbanparksvegetationourresearch questions were:1. which design principles, plant material an

7、dtechnical implementation were usedduring thecreationandmanagement ofthepark?2. what is the current value of the park for biological conservation especially for the conservation ofendangered plantspeciesandhabitats?3. whatistherelationship between designprinciples andthepresent-day valueofthepark?we

8、 compared our results with similar landscape parks and made suggestions for future sustainableparkdesign,restoration andmanagement 2012 elsevier b.v. all rights reserved.1. introduction&butensch?n,2010.ontheotherhand,parksmayactashotspotsofbiodiversityinurbanareascornelis&hermy,2004andcansup-horticu

9、lture is a major source of plant species invasionsdehnen-schmutz, touza, perrings, & williamson, 2007; mack &erneberg,2002;reichard&white,2001.urbanparkscanbeinva-sionsourcesthroughplantingofintroducedtaxas?umel,kowarik,portthepreservationofendangeredandraretaxakowarik,1998;kunick,1978;li,ouyang,men

10、g,&wang,2006;reidl,1989.evenifhistoricurbanparksarevaluedforemostasheritagesites,theyarealsocreditedfortheirecosystemservicesandpositiveaesthet-/.und&hunhammar,1999;chiesura,2004.althoughtherearenumerousstudiesineuropeonthedesign,philosophies and historical background of parks e.ggothein,1928; turne

11、r, 2005 as well as their biological diversity e.g.cornelis & hermy, 2004; ignatieva & konechnaya, 2004; nath,corresponding author at: department landscape management & restorationecology and head of?ce urbio, university of applied sciences erfurt, p.o. box450155,99051erfurt,germany.tel.:+49036167002

12、73;fax:+4903616700259.e-mailaddress:martin.kuemmerlingfh-erfurt.dem.kmmerling.0169-2046/$?seefrontmatter? 2012 elsevier b.v. all rights reserved./.112m.kmmerling,n.mller/landscapeandurbanplanning107 2012 111?1171990 little research has posed the question of how landscapedesignprincipleshavein?uenced

13、thebiologicalconservationvalueofparks.becausethelandscapeparkstylewasoneofthemostin?u-ential historical landscape design fashions in europe by the endofthe18thandthe?rstpartofthe19thcenturywefocusedourstudyonaparkfromthatperiod.theparkanderilminweimar,germanywascreatedinthelate18thcenturyandhasbeens

14、ince1998partoftheunescoworldheritagesiteclassicweimar.weselecteditforstudybecause:1. itisatypicalparkofthatperiod2. therewerenochangestodesignstyleforseveralcenturies3. therewasrichhistoricalmaterialonparkdesignandplantusesuspected.initialsearchesinthethuringianpublicrecordof?cesituatedclosetothepar

15、k,since1567con?rmedthissuspicion.ourresearchquestionswere:1. which design principles, plant material and technical imple-mentation were used during the creation and management ofthepark?2. whatisthecurrentvalueoftheparkforbiologicalconservationespeciallyfortheconservationofendangeredplantspeciesandh

16、abitats?3. what is the relationship between design principles and thepresent-dayvalueofthepark?wecomparedourresultswithsimilargermanlandscapeparksandmakesuggestionsforfuturesustainableparkdesign,restora-tionandmanagement.2. studysitetheparkanderilmissituatedinweimar215ma./.entral/.ormanyhistoricalpa

17、rksineuropeparkanderilmappearedonthesiteofapreviousformalgeometricalgardenwhichwasdesignednexttothedukecarlaugustspalace.atthattimetheparkwaslocatedintheoutskirtsofweimar.from1860thecityofweimarspreadandtheparkbecameenclosedintheurbanboundaries.fig.1. habitatmapofthe“parkanderilm”.theparkformspartof

18、the?oodplainoftheriverilmbetweentheducalcitypalaceofweimarandthecitycentreinthenorthandthenowsuburbanisedvillageofoberweimarandexclusiveresidential/.sc.1.5kmlongandcoversabout0.48km2.thesoilofthe?oodplainisalluvialclay;designersfoundinthethuringianpublicrecordof?ceandassoci-atedarchives,aswellasrepr

19、intsofhistoricetchingsanddrawingscollectedbytheweimarclassicsfoundation.inadditionlocalliteraturefromtheweimarclassicsfoundationespeciallybeyer&seifert,1995wasusedtorelatethe?ndingsofthehistoricdocumentstotheirappropriateera.alsoinformalinter-viewswiththecurrentandformergardenersaboutmanagementtechn

20、iquesandplantusagewerecarriedout.thevalleysidescomprisecalcareousmateriallikekeuperandshellbearinglimestonedeposits.climatically weimar belongs to the dry environment of thethuringian basin leeward of thuringia mountains with beechforests.theannualprecipitationisabout557mm;theprevailingwinddirection

21、saresouthwest,westandnorthwest.theaverageannualtemperatureis8.3?c,withanaverageof?0.7?cinjanuary3.2. evaluationforbiologicalconservationand17.2?cinjulysalzmann,1999.3.2.1. fieldmappingof?oraandvegetation3. methodsthepresentvegetationand?orawereinvestigatedby?eldmap-pinginmay?october2006toevaluatethe

22、parksplantdiversity.theparkwasdividedintodifferenthabitattypes:lawns,meadowsandpastures,shrubberies,woodlands,ecotonesherbaceousmar-gins,walls/rocks,plantcommunitiesonpaths&lanes,riverbanksandwaterbodies.eachhabitattypewasthensampledrandomly.thenumberofsampleswasbasedonthesizeofeachhabitattypefig.3.

23、thesizeofsampleplotswasdeterminedusingtheminimalareamethoddierschke,1994.foreachsampleplotthefrequencyof plant species were recorded following the “braun?blanquet”method dierschke, 1994in total 436 sample plots were3.1. historyofdesign,plantintroductionandmanagementoftheparkhistoricdocumentswerestud

24、iedtogainimportantinformationabout the design principles, plant material including origin andtimeofintroductionofnon-nativeornamentalspeciesandman-agementtechniquesusedduringthecreationanddevelopmentoftheparkanderilm.theseunpublisheddocumentsincluded?ledreports,managementnotesandplansoftheformergard

25、enersandm.kmmerling,n.mller/landscapeandurbanplanning107 2012 111?117113established.inaddition,20inspectionsofthewholeparkwerecar-riedoutduringmay?october2006andmarch?may2007torecordallspontaneousvascularplanttaxa.neartomiddlesurroundingsofweimarandcultivatedintheducalplantnursery,whichwaswithinthep

26、arkthuringianpublicrecordof?ceunpublished.the 436 sample plots were used to determine the most fre-quentspecies.forwoodyspecies,onlyseedlingsandsaplingswerecounted.theparkstreeregisteroftheweimarclassicsfounda-tion1996?2007,unpublishedwasusedtocalculatethefrequencyofmaturetrees.nomenclature of plant

27、s generally follows j?ger and werner2005,andfortaxafoundintheparkbutnotlistedhere,erhardt,g?tz,b?deker,andseybold2002wasused.non-nativeplantshavebeenintroducedtocontrastwithnativeplants,aseyecatchersdesignemphasisandasabotanicalcurios-ityespeciallyfashionableinthesecondpartofthe19thcentury.mostly al

28、ien species were planted near representative buildingsandmonuments,aswellasinexposedareasalongtheparklanes.planted non-native trees included many so called “english tim-bers”,treespeciesimportedfromnorthamericalikeacerrubruml.,/.ycultivarsofrosaspp.wereplantedinlownumbersforornamentalpurposes,lobeli

29、acardinalisl.wasplantedinsmallponds.3.2.2. evaluationbiologicalconservationstatusontheregionalandeuropeanlevelafterworldwariitheplantnurseryintheparkwasclosed.fromthenonplantmaterialhasbeenintroducedfromallovereuropeandoverseasgardenerspersonalinformation,2006.to evaluate the parks contribution to b

30、iological conservation,wecompiledtheendangeredplantsandhabitatsfoundintheparkusingthelocalthuringianreddatalistskorsch&westhus,2001;westhus&vanhengel,2001.furthermorewecheckedtheplantspecies and habitats protected by the thuringian law for natureconservationthrnatg,2006andtheeuropeanhabitatsdirec-ti

31、vecounciloftheeuropeanunion,2007.to evaluate the park as a potential source for plant invasionsde?nitionsforbiologicalinvasionsfollowrichardsonetal.,2000,we compared our data with the regional list of environmentalweedsinthuringiamller,westhus,&armft,2005.4.1.3. managementtechniquesinhistorictimes,m

32、anagementofthemeadowsandgroveswasundertaken by local farmers and herdsmen who used them forgrazing sheep, goats and cattle, as well as for production of hay.ornamental plant beds around the buildings were managed bygardenersanddaylabourers.today,themeadowswithinpartsofthe?oodplainandontheeasternslop

33、esofthevalleyarestillmowntwice-yearlyandthehayissoldtofarmersorcomposted.onthegrasslandswithinthe?ood-plainsheepandgoatgrazingisstillamanagementcomponentofthepark.thevegetationofthelanesiscontrolledwithherbicides.wallvegetationisclearedperiodically.treemaintenanceandreju-venationofthegrovesareonlydo

34、neifnecessaryforthesafetyofvisitorsandthepreservationofcertainimportantaestheticvistas.areaswhicharenotusedbyvisitorsandthosewithoutimportantviewsareleftunmanaged.sincethesecondhalfofthe20thcentury,increasedrecreationaluse and the lack of ?nances have resulted in intensi?cation inmanagement of the p

35、ark. for example all diverse meadows cuttwice-yearlyinthewesternpartandsomeinthe?oodplainshavebeen converted to frequently mown lawns cut twenty times ayear. this continues today and has resulted in a signi?cant lossofplantbiodiversityofspeciesrichmeadows.4. results4.1. historyofdesign,plantintroduc

36、tionandmanagement4.1.1. designprinciplesrelevantforbiodiversityfollowingtheeuropeanfashioninlandscapedesigndukecarlaugustofsachsen?weimar?eisenach1757?1828decidedtocre-ate a park as an ideal pastoral landscape, consisting of differenttypesofviews:openandclosedspacesofdifferentsize,shapeandstructurew

37、hichwerevisuallyconnectedtothesurroundingland-scape. it was followed according to the classic english landscapeparkrule?concealingtheboundariesofaparkwithnature.theseviewsshouldalsobevisiblewhenwalkingorridingthroughthepark.therefore the main design principle of the park was the useoftheexistingnatu

38、raltopographyandculturallandscape,whichcomprisedtemporarily?oodedandfrequentlymownandgrazedgrasslands meadows and pastures in the ?oodplains, orchardsand meadows on the slopes and small forest patches where theslopes were too steep to be used for food production. when theparkwasincreasedinsize,newla

39、ndscapeswereaddedonformerarablelandthusthesehabitatscanbequali?edasarti?ciallycre-ated.theextentoftheforesthabitatswithintheparkwasincreasedtocreateabetterambianceaswellasagreatervarietyofviews.typicaldesignelementsarethevistas,usuallyextendedcuttingsthrough forest patches within the park, which con

40、nect featuresofspecialinterestsculpturesandpavilionsandopennewviewsfromdifferentlocations.theparkwasneverenclosedbyafenceorwall?importancewasgiventothecreationofaseamlesstransitionbetweentheparkanditssurroundings.theparkanderilmandtheparksoftiefurtandbelvedere,togetherwithsomeforestremnantsalongther

41、iverilmformagreencorridorthroughthecityofweimar,whichwasalwaystheintentionofthedukeeversincetheparkswerecreated.4.2. plantandhabitatdiversitythesurveyofthepark?orayielded479taxaofvascularplants.about59%281taxaofthesearenativetothuringia;15%arenat-uralisednon-nativetaxa74;and26%arenon-nativeplantedta

42、xa124. compared to the regional ?ora of thuringia korsch et al.,2002theparkharbours18%355taxa.whencomparingtheoriginofplanttaxaandtheirfrequencyinthesampleplotscomparefig.2itisevidentthatregardingthemost frequent species there are far more native mostly ubiqui-toustaxaandtaxacharacteristicforthepark

43、smainhabitatsthannon-/.oristhemostfrequentnon-nativetaxa,whichnaturalisedingermanybefore1500j?ger&werner,2005andisacharacteristicspeciesoftrampledplantcommunities,lawns,pasturesandriparianhabitats.thenextmostfrequentnon-nativetaxaareimpatiensparvi?oradc.,i.glanduliferaroyle,symphoricarposalbusl./.ke

44、,aesculushippocastanum/.twoimpatiensspeciesareconsideredtobeweedsinthuringiamlleretal.,2005.symphoricarposalbusl./.ke,/.orna-mental species, which have not become naturalised in thuringiaup to now. but they already reproduce within the park and arecontrolledviamanagementsothattheydonotescapeoutside.

45、thetreeregisteroftheweimarclassicsfoundationfortheparkanderilmrecords3192individualsof94taxalastupdate2006.4.1.2. plantintroductionsincelargeareasoftheparkweredevelopedfromtheexisting?oodplainforestsandmeadowsthenativeplantdiversitywaspre-served. for the creation of new forest patches and groves nat

46、ivetreeandshrubspeciesweresourcedfromtheducalforestsinthe114m.kmmerling,n.mller/landscapeandurbanplanning107 2012 111?117fig.2. spontaneoustaxan306recordedwithinthesampleplotsn436,groupedafterfrequency.theproportionandnumberofnativetonon-nativetaxais28%26vs.72%68,buttheproportionandnumberofindividua

47、lsis73%2344nativevs.27%848non-native.themostfrequentnativespeciesarefraxinusexcelsiorl.409individuals,tiliacordatamill.305 and acer platanoides l. 281. fraxinus excelsior l. and acerplatanoidesl.arealsothemostfrequenttreespeciesintermsofregeneration.themostfrequentnon-nativetaxaareaesculuship-pocast

48、anum l. 273 individuals, robinia pseudoacacia l. 78 andpopuluscanadensismoench70.allthreetaxareproduceinthepark,thelatteronlyviasuckering.thesethreespeciesaredomi-nant;theothernon-nativetreespecieshavebeenplantedonlyinverysmallnumbers.grasslandandforesthabitatsdominatethepark,coveringnearlytwo-third

49、sandone-third,respectivelyseefig.1forapproximatedistribution of habitats. they are among the habitats with thehighest plant biodiversity in terms of total species and averagespecies number fig. 3. due to its design as a combination ofvarious landscape sceneries, the park contains many ecotones.these

50、 contain many different vegetation types, seen by the factthat total number of species fig. 3 is high, though the averagenumberofspeciesperplotislow.alltheotherhabitatspresent,namelywaterbodies,wallsandrocks,trampledplantcommuni-tieslanes,pathsandornamentalplantationsoccupymuchsmallerareas.4.3. valu

51、eforbiologicalconservationofplantsandhabitats4.3.1. endangeredandrarespeciestheparkcontainsthreenativespeciesthatarelistedintheredlistsofthuringiakorsch&westhus,2001:populusnigral.crit-icallyendangered,rosajundzilliibesserandmuscaribotryoides/.hvulnerable.geraniumphaeuml.,whichisanatu-ralisednon-native,/.raoccursrarelyinthealluvialforestswithintheilmvalley,r.jundzil-lii and m. botryoides are found rarely in the outskirts of the park/.eumoccursfrequentlyinecotonesanddrygrassla