【原创】高中英语语法知识专题1动词的时态和语态

1、专题1动词的时态和语态一、动词的时态考点一一般现在时和一般过去时一般现在时1.表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。2.表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等。3.表示按时刻表、计划表将要发生的动作或表示根据时间或事先安排肯定会出现的状态时，用一般现在时。4.在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。5.表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时，如see，hear，smell，taste，feel，like，hate，want，think，belong to，seem等。一般过去时1.表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去的具

2、体时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)；也可用于表达过去的习惯。2.在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时表示过去将来的意义。3.表示说话人原来没有料到、想到、注意到、认出或忘记等。4.用于一些常见句型：Its(high) time that sb.did sth.是该做某事的时候了。单句语法填空1The moment she came in，she told(tell) me what had happened to her.2My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment，school c

3、omes(come) first.3However，there is(be) another way of travellingpoorism，which is popular among the youngsters.4Years ago，I was a poor artist trying to sell my paintings in local galleries，and I lived(live) in my friends apartment.5On Monday morning it usually takes(take) me an hour to drive to work.

4、考点二现在进行时和过去进行时现在进行时1.表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。2.某些表示位置移动的动词，如go，come，leave，arrive，start，move等可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。3.与always，often等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感情色彩。4.有些动词如change，get，improve，begin等用于进行时表示“逐渐变化”的意思。过去进行时1.表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作，或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作。2.表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行，常与when，while引导的时间状语从

5、句连用。3.一些非延续性动词可用过去进行时表示过去按计划、安排将要发生的动作，多用于从句中。单句语法填空1Some people choose not to eat or use any animal products at all.And the lifestyle isbecoming(become) more well-known in the present day UK.2He wasworking(work) in a government aerospace laboratory when the computer was in a junior level and was a

6、big machine that required a huge amount of time to process.3My brother fell while he wasriding(ride) his bicycle yesterday.4Hi，lets go skating.Sorry，Im busy right now.I amfilling(fill) in an application form for a new job.考点三一般将来时和过去将来时一般将来时1.表示未来的动作或状态或临时做出的决定，常用will/shall动词原形，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow，n

7、ext week等连用。2.be going to在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事、必然或很可能发生的事，也可用来表示自然现象。3.be to do表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。4.be about to do表示“即将，正要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。过去将来时过去将来时表示从过去某时来预计以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，这种时态常用于宾语从句中，主句常是一般过去时。单句语法填空1In a word，mass media willbe(be) all the more important in the future and their fun

8、ction will enormously expand.2If someone dares to break into your house without permission，a little camera inside willtake(take) a picture and send it to your mobile phone.3He always said that he wouldstudy(study) hard at that time.4The railway isgoingtobe/willbe(be) open on October 1st.考点四现在完成时和过去完

9、成时现在完成时1.表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果或已经完成的某一动作。常与lately，recently，so far，by now，up to/till now，in the last/past few days/years等时间状语连用。2.表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态，常与“for时间段”，“since时间点”等表示一段时间的状语连用。3.在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替将来完成时。4.下列句型中常用现在完成时。It is (has been)一段时间since从句This (That/It) is the first (sec

10、ond.) time that现在完成时This (That/It) is the best/finest/most interesting.that现在完成时过去完成时1.过去完成时表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。在by，by the end of，by the time，until，before，since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句的句子中。2.表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等，常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式。3.“时间名词before”在句中作状语

11、，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去时。4.在before或after引导的时间状语从句中可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。5.在hardly/scarcely.when.，no sooner.than.句式中，主句常用过去完成时，表示“一就”。当hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首时，其后要用部分倒装。单句语法填空1This morning I looked at the house and all the cleaning she haddone(do) before.2We hadplanned(plan) to finish th

12、e work before dark，but we were held up by a heavy rain.3People haveattached(attach) great importance to the “Beginning of Summer” since ancient times.4No sooner had we been(be) seated than the bus started.考点五现在完成进行时和将来进行时现在完成进行时1.常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。2.表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。将来进行时表示将来

13、某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。单句语法填空1For days，the kids havebeenlooking(look) for those we can help.2I havebeencalling(call) him many times this morning，but theres no answer.3I willbedoing(do) jobs about the house this time tomorrow.4This time next week I willbelying(lie) on the beach，enjoying th

14、e sunshine.二、动词的语态考点一被动语态在各种时态中的运用时态被动语态的构成一般现在时am/is/are done一般过去时was/were done一般将来时shall/will be done现在进行时am/is/are being done过去进行时was/were being done现在完成时have/has been done过去完成时had been done将来完成时shall/will have been done单句语法填空1Shortly after he passed his qualification tests，he wascalled(call) bac

15、k to London to continue his research.2Researchers say that the human personality isformed(form) during the first two years of life.3When fat and salt areremoved(remove) from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something.4Weve got to remember this group wants to look at how the Internet isbeingu

16、sed/isused(use) in the classroom.5Facial recognition technology hasbeenextended(extend) into many areas of school life so far.考点二动词或动词短语不能用于被动语态的几种常见情况动词或动词短语不能用于被动语态的几种常见情况1.所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。2.表示状态的谓语动词，如：last，hold，contain，fit，cost等。3.表示归属的动词，如have，own，belong to等。4.表示“希望、意图、喜好”的动词，如：wish，

17、want，hope，like，love，hate等。5.宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。6.宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等，谓语动词不用被动语态。单句语法填空1A big fire broke(break) out yesterday evening in that factory.2Its said that the meeting willlast(last) a whole day.3That big house belongs(belong) to Mr Smith，who is a manager in a big company.考点三 主动形式表被

18、动意义主动形式表被动意义1.当feel，look，smell，taste，sound等后面接形容词时；当cut，read，sell，wear，write，wash等作为不及物动词表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。2.当happen，occur，break out，take place，shut off，turn off，work out等动词(短语)表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。3.want，require，need，deserve后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。4.be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。5.在“be形容

19、词to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。注意：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动。单句语法填空1My new car handles(handle) really easily.2The window wont shut(shut)Would you please lend me a hand?3My bike needs repairing/toberepaired(repair)4He is a great hero，and deserves learning/tobelearned(learn) from.5No pro

20、blem here is difficult towork(work) out，if you think carefully enough.难点一易混的几种时态1一般过去时与现在完成时(1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时表示过去发生的事情对现在的影响，强调的是结果。(2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，如yesterday，the other day，just now等；而现在完成时通常与不确定的时间状语连用，如so far，up to now，lately等，或无时间状语。典例When I was at college I (speak) thr

21、ee foreign languages but I (forget) all except a few words of each.解析由When引导的时间状语从句可知，第一空用一般过去时；第二空用现在完成时，表示过去的动作对现在产生的结果或造成的影响。答案spoke；have forgotten2现在完成时与现在完成进行时用法例句区别1 现在完成进行时强调动作的未完成性I have been thinking it over.我一直在仔细考虑这件事。现在完成时强调过去某个动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果I have thought it over.我已经仔细考虑过这件事了。区别2现在完成进

22、行时表示动作的反复Have you been meeting him recently？你最近经常见他吗？现在完成时不表示动作的反复Have you met him recently？你最近见过他吗？区别3现在完成进行时可以表示某种感情色彩I have been waiting for you for three hours.我已等了你三个小时。(暗含不满的语气)现在完成时往往只说明一个事实、一种影响或结果，不带有感情色彩I have waited for you for three hours.我已等了你三个小时。(说明一个事实)典例Dashan，who (learn) crosstalk，

23、the Chinese comedic tradition，for decades，wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.解析根据句意及定语从句中的时间状语for decades和主句谓语动词wants可知，本题应用现在完成进行时态，表示从过去某个时间开始，一直持续到现在，并有可能继续下去的动作。答案has been learning3一般过去时与过去完成时(1)针对时间不同：一般过去时是针对现在而言的，过去完成时则是针对过去某一时刻而言的。(2)时间状语不同：过去完成时的时间状语常是by或before构成的短语，如by

24、that time，before 2000，“by the time句子”等。一般过去时的时间状语有two years ago，the day before yesterday等。典例John and I have been friends for eight years.We first (get) to know each other at a party.But we (see) each other a couple of times before that.解析第一空用一般过去时，因为上文说约翰和我已经是8年的朋友了，说明我们相识这个动作发生在过去，且由语境可知用一般过去时；见过几次

25、面发生在相识这一动作之前，表示的是过去的过去发生的动作，故第二空应用过去完成时。答案got；had seen难点二时态的呼应时态呼应指的是主从复合句中从句的时态受到主句时态的影响或制约的现象。对于定语从句和状语从句而言，从句时态受主句时态影响或制约不是特别明显，而宾语从句的时态受主句时态的影响或制约比较突出，因此此处我们着重来总结一下时态呼应在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中的体现。1如果主句的时态是现在时或将来时，那么宾语从句的时态可根据需要选用任何时态。2如果主句的时态是一般过去时，则宾语从句应该根据实际需要采用过去的某种时态。典例Have you ever seen Peter recentl

26、y?Yes.He (ask) me how you (get) along with your job these days.解析句意为：最近你见过彼得吗？见过。他问我你近来工作进展怎么样。由句意和语境可知，第一空应用一般过去时表示过去某一时间的具体动作；主句时态为一般过去时，按常规而言从句也应用过去的某种时态，但此处是特殊情况，由从句中的时间状语these days可知，从句表示的是现在依然存在的情况，所以此处从句只能用现在进行时。答案asked；are getting运用以下“四根据”准确判断动词的时态和语态一、根据时间状语确定动词时态(1)看到always，often，seldom，so

27、metimes，usually等要想到用一般现在时；(2)看到yesterday，last night，a few days ago，the other day等要想到用一般过去时；(3)看到tomorrow，next year等要想到用一般将来时；(4)看到now，at present等要想到用现在进行时；(5)看到at that time，then，at six oclock yesterday等要想到用过去进行时；(6)看到this time tomorrow，from 1 oclock to 3 oclock tomorrow等要想到用将来进行时；(7)看到since，so far，u

28、p to now，in the last/past few years等要想到用现在完成时；(8)看到by/until/before/by the end of“表示过去的某一时间”，要想到用过去完成时。典例In the last few years，China (make) great achievements in environmental protection.解析题干中的时间状语是“In the last few years”，表示动作“从过去一直到现在”，故所填词应用现在完成时。答案has made二、根据上下文语境，挖掘其隐含信息，弄清时间的先后顺序，确定动作是发生在过去、现在还

29、是将来典例When he realized he (walk) into a deep valley，he was too frightened to know what to do.解析句意为：当他意识到自己走进了深谷之后，他非常害怕以至于不知道做什么。由语境可知，walk into a deep valley的动作先于realize的动作发生，故用过去完成时。答案had walked三、根据主语和谓语之间的逻辑关系确定动词的语态。被动语态中的主谓部分除了明显的被动关系外，还有特殊用法，如主动形式表被动意义。除此之外，还要考虑主谓一致问题典例Later，Nelson (award) the

30、Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of his work.解析句意为：后来纳尔逊被授予总统自由勋章，以表彰他的工作。句中的时间状语Later表明这里叙述的是过去的动作，提示此处应用一般过去时；Nelson与award为动宾关系，应用被动语态；且主语为Nelson，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式，故填was awarded。答案was awarded四、根据固定句式确定动词时态英语中有一些句式的时态常常很固定，如果题干中出现这类句式，考生应注意根据规则选用适当的时态。1It is the first/second/.time that sb.

31、have/has done.2It was the first/second/.time that sb.had done.3Sb.was doing sth.when.did.4Hardly/Scarcely had sb.done sth.when.did.5Sb.was about to do sth.when.did.6Its (high) time that sb.did sth./should do sth.典例One day，I (walk) from classroom across campus to catch my bus home，when an old man cam

32、e down the sidewalk toward me.解析句意为：一天，我正从教室出来穿过校园去赶回家的公共汽车，突然一个老人沿着人行道朝我走来。由语境可知，本句使用了句型“be (was/were) doing sth.when.”表示“正在做某事，这时突然”，when后的并列分句用一般过去时，故本空填提示动词的过去进行时表示过去正在发生的动作。答案was walking.单句语法填空Group 11According to a recent survey，violence did exist in schools.Students showed their fear and pare

33、nts and teachers also (express) their great concern about it.(2019福建五校统考)答案expressed解析and连接的动词前后并列，时态一致，根据句中showed可知，该句叙述的是发生在过去的事情，故用一般过去时。2We (reduce) emission of air pollutants in recent years，but cars are still major source of them.(2020浙江台州质检)答案have reduced/have been reducing解析由句中的时间状语in recent

34、 years可知，应用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。3The market，which (call) Train Night Market Ratchada in English，was opened in January 2015 and has become a popular spot for locals and tourists.(2019河北名校联考)答案is called解析定语从句说的是现在的客观事实，应该用一般现在时；which(指代The market)与call之间是动宾关系，故用被动语态。4I just graduated from West Coast Universi

35、ty.I (receive) job skill training just before that，but I had never worked.(2019浙江十校联考)答案had received解析此处根据just before that可知，我在之前受过职业技能的培训，根据上句中的一般过去时可知，此处应用过去完成时。5For her excellent work，so far she (choose) as a model teacher several times.(2018福建永安一中、德化一中、漳平一中三校联考)答案has been chosen解析根据句中的时间状语so far

36、可知，此处应用现在完成时，又主语she与choose之间为被动关系，故应用现在完成时的被动语态。6Its fun for amateurs to try，but to become good at it，not only years of practice but also natural talent (need)(2019安徽合肥检测)答案is needed解析“not only.but also.”连接主语，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则，故此处谓语动词应用单数。natural talent与动词need之间是动宾关系，故用is needed。7Doctors and scientists

37、 (learn) a great deal about sleep in the last thirty years.(2019山西太原模拟)答案have learned解析根据in the last thirty years可知，本句应用现在完成时。8“I (eat) with my wife and children，” he said，“when we heard a loud noise.”(2018黑龙江大庆四校第一次联考)答案was eating解析根据句中的“when we heard a loud noise”可知，设空处应用过去进行时。该句为“sb.was/were doin

38、g sth.when.”句式，意为“某人正在做某事，这时突然”，其中when后面的句子常用一般过去时。9It is the time when young people will move out of their home to live with other people.At university，you (teach) by lecturers and professors who are leading figures in their study.(2018河北五校联考)答案will be taught解析根据语境可知，这里表示去上大学将会发生的情况，故用一般将来时；you指you

39、ng people，与teach之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。10For more than 50 years，travelers (use) the international drivers license to travel in foreign countries.(2017重庆巴蜀中学一诊)答案have been using解析句意为：50多年来，游客们一直在使用国际驾照在外国旅行。时间状语“For more than 50 years”常与完成时连用，且此处叙述的是可能继续下去的动作，故此处应填现在完成进行时。Group 21In recent years some Inuit p

40、eople in Nunavut (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements，leading to a belief that populations are increasing.(2019全国)答案have reported解析根据时间状语in recent years可知，主句用现在完成时态，故填have reported。2Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award，proud Irene (declare) she had no plans to retire

41、from her 36-year-old business.(2019全国)答案declared解析根据后面had 可知用一般过去时。3Irene said，“I dont see any reason to give up work.I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I (make) over the years.”(2019全国)答案have made解析根据该定语从句中的时间状语“over the years”可知，此处用现在完成时。4Our hosts shared many of their exp

42、eriences and (recommend) wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.(2019全国)答案recommended解析and前后两个动作是并列关系，时态应该一致。故填recommended。5On the last day of our week-long stay，we (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，listening to musicians and meeting interest

43、ing locals.(2019全国)答案were invited解析由“on the last day of our week-long stay”可知，句子时态为一般过去时。根据句意：我们被邀请去参加一场私人音乐会，所以用被动语态。主语为we，故填were invited。6When every pupil in the school wears the uniform，nobody (have) to worry about fashion.(2019浙江)答案has/will have解析本句是when引导的时间状语从句，遵循主将从现原则，因此，主句可以使用将来时will do；根据语

44、境可知，本文叙述的是客观事实，因此，本句亦可用一般现在时，主语是nobody，谓语用has。故填has/will have。7One study in America found that students grades (improve) a little after the school introduced uniforms.(2019浙江)答案improved解析本句是after引导的时间状语从句，前后时态保持一致，从句使用了一般过去式，主句也用一般过去式。故填improved。8Diets have changed in Chinaand so too has its top cro

45、p.Since 2011，the country (grow) more corn than rice.(2018全国)答案has grown解析由时间状语Since 2011可知此处语境表示的是从过去的某个时间开始，一直持续到现在，故用现在完成时。且主语the country 是单数名词，故填has grown。9The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government (start) a soil-testing program that gives specific fertilizer

46、recommendations to farmersand 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.(2018全国)答案started解析根据破折号前的内容可知，此处说的是2005年发生的事情，应用动词的过去式。10True to a gorillas unaggressive nature，the huge animal (mean) me no real harm.He was just saying：“Im king of this forest，and here is your reminder！”(2018全国)答案meant解

47、析全文叙述的是发生在过去的事情，应该用一般过去时，故填meant。.语法填空One out of many important things for the whole family to do is to have dinner together.Researchers 1.(begin) reporting the benefits of family dinner about a decade ago,2.(focus) mainly on how it affects children.Studies show that those 3. eat dinner with their families together at least 3 or 4 times a week benefit in many ways.First of all