跨文化交际课件Chapter 1

1、 I. Culture 文化 Definitions of Culture文化的定义 according to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”. from anthropologic perspective, culture is “the customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time

2、 or people.” culture is really difficult to define because it is a large and inclusive concept. But the only requirement for being cultured is to be human. Culture is what distinguishes human beings from animals. I. Culture 文化 Metaphors in Culture 文化中的隐喻 The Culture Iceberg 文化冰山 The Culture Onion 文化

3、洋葱 I. Culture 文化 Characteristics of Culture 文化的特点 Culture is shared Culture is learned Culture is based on symbols Culture is dynamic Key Terms Guatemalan weaving 危地马拉的编织 危地马拉是古代玛雅文化中心之一。1523年沦为西班牙 的殖民地，1821年摆脱殖民统治，宣布独立。1823年 加入中美洲联邦，1839年成立共和国。危地马拉人主 要从事农业，种植玉米、咖啡、香蕉、豆类、辣椒、西 红柿、棉花等。在太平洋沿岸的种植园里资本主义农

4、业 有了发展。棉纺、 丝纺、 编织、制陶、皮革等手工业 较发达。农民的住房一般系用土坯或树枝搭盖的窝棚。 食物以玉米面饼为主。白人和印欧混血种人穿欧式服装， 印第安人穿传统服装。条纹花布长裙和带鲜艳刺绣的短 上衣是印第安妇女的主要服装。印第安人的文化具有古 代玛雅文化的一系列特征。 Glossary anthropologistn. 人类学家 interpret v. 解释，翻译 derive v. 得自，起源，引申于 interventionn. 插入，介入，调停 manifestation n. 显示，证明 intellectual adj. 智力的，聪明的 linguist n. 语言学

5、家 assemblage n. 集合，装配 aesthetic adj. 美学的，审美的 identifiableadj. 可辨认的 Glossary inclusive adj.包含 . 在内的 metaphor n. 隐喻，暗喻 cruise n. 巡航 territory n. 领土，版图，领域，范围 submerge vi. 浸没 explicit adj. 明确的，详述的，明晰的 tangible adj. 有形的，可触摸的 conformity n. 一致，符合，遵守 assumption n. 假定，设想 embody vt. 代表，使具体化，包含 Glossary ritual

6、 adj. 仪式的，老规矩的 nebulous adj. 星云的，星云状的 whereby conj. 凭借 enculturationn. 对某种文化的适应 familial adj. 家族的，家庭的 pervasive adj. 普遍的，蔓延的，渗透的 integrate v. 整合，使 . 成整体 infrastructure n. 下部构造，下部组织 superstructure n. 上层建筑 上层结构 alteration n. 改变，变更 Use examples to explain the metaphor “Culture Iceberg” and “Culture Oni

7、on”. 1. 2. It is said that grammatical mistakes can be accepted, but cultural mistakes will cause trouble. Can you use examples to explain why cultural mistakes could be troublesome? II. Communication 交际 Definitions of Communication 交际的定义交际的定义 Generally speaking, communication can be defined as a dy

8、namic, symbolic, transactional and contextual process in which people create shared meanings or messages. II. Communication 交际 Types of Communication 交际的类型交际的类型 Verbal Communication 语言交流 II. Communication 交际 Types of Communication 交际的类型交际的类型 Non-Verbal Communication 非语言交流 II. Communication 交际 Types

9、of Communication 交际的类型交际的类型 Written Communication 书面交流 II. Communication 交际 Types of Communication 交际的类型交际的类型 Visual communication 视觉交流 II. Communication 交际 Communication and Culture 交际与文化交际与文化 cultures are created through communication culture is created, shaped, transmitted, and learned through co

10、mmunication communication practices are largely created, shaped, and transmitted by culture Key Terms SMS 短消息服务 Short Messaging Service短消息服务，这 个术语最早出现在80年代初期，但一直到了 90年代早期才开始进入商用市场，并且一直 到99年，该业务才在世界各国迅速蔓延，并 持续爆炸性的增长趋势，它可以通过手机等移 动设备发送文本型消息。 Glossary equivalent n. 相等物 transactional adj. 相互作用的 contextua

11、l adj. 上下文的，前后关系的 ongoing adj. 前进的，进行的 encoder n. 编码器 decoder n. 解码器 inseparableadj. 不能分的 Glossary club vt. 用棍棒打，集合 aesthetic adj. 美学的，审美的，有美感的 intimacy n. 亲密，隐私 intend vt. 想要，计划 ambiguity n. 含糊不清，模棱两可 reciprocal adj. 相互的，互惠的，互补的 Comprehension Questions 1.What is the major challenge facing effective

12、 communication in interpersonal encounter? 2.Do you think that understanding is a measure of communicative success? III. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Definitions of Intercultural Communication跨文化交际的定义跨文化交际的定义 Edward T. Hall simply defines intercultural communication as communication between per

13、sons of different cultures. Hu Wenzhong, a well-known professor of intercultural communication in China, defines intercultural communication as communication between people of different cultural backgrounds. III. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Forms of Intercultural communication 跨文化交际的形式跨文化交际的形式

14、 Intracultural Communication 同文化交际 III. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Forms of Intercultural communication 跨文化交际的形式跨文化交际的形式 Interethnic Communication 跨种族交际 III. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Forms of Intercultural communication 跨文化交际的形式跨文化交际的形式 Interracial Communication 跨人种交际 III. Intercultu

15、ral Communication 跨文化交际 Barriers to Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际的障碍跨文化交际的障碍 Language 语言 * Slang * Dialects * Accents III. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Barriers to Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际的障碍跨文化交际的障碍 Modern Technology 现代技术 * E-mail * SMS Text Messaging * Video Conferencing / Teleco

16、nferencing III. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Barriers to Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际的障碍跨文化交际的障碍 Behavior and Mindset 行为和精神 * Anxiety * Discomfort * Fear of the Unknown * Prejudice and Stereotyping * Perceived Cultural Superiority or Ethnocentrism * Discrimination = Racial, Sexual, Educati

17、onal Key Terms the wandering nomads 游牧民族 游牧是指终年随水草转移进行游动放牧的一 种粗放的草原畜牧业经营方式。牧民长期无固 定住所，过着逐水草而居的生活，生产设备相 当简陋，经营非常粗放，基本处于靠天养草和 靠天养畜的落后状态。游牧民族指的是以游牧 为主要生活方式的民族。广义上的游牧民族指 的是居无定所的流浪民族，包括草原民族和海 洋民族。 Key Terms religious missionaries 传教士 传教士，亦叫作宣教師或宣教士，是坚定地信 仰宗教，并且远行向不信仰宗教的人们传播宗 教的修道者。虽然有些宗教，如日本神道教， 很少到处传播自己

18、的信仰，但大部分宗教使用 传教士来扩散它的影响。虽然任何宗教都可能 送出传教士，一般传教士这个词是指基督教的 宣教師。实际上佛教是最早大规模传教的宗教 ，沿着丝绸之路送出它的信仰。 Glossary nevertheless conj. 然而，不过 persuasion n. 说服 heritage n. 遗产 alliance n. 联盟 mishap n. 灾祸 uphold vt. 赞成, 支撑 amongst prep. 在 之中 overwhelm vt. 压倒 remedy vt. 纠正 unintentional adj. 非故意的；无意识的 Comprehension Ques

19、tions 1. What is intercultural communication? 2. What are the forms of intercultural communication? IV. Intercultural Business Communication 跨文化商务交际 The Research of intercultural Business Communication 对跨文化商务交际的研究对跨文化商务交际的研究 most of the intercultural communication relevant to business. international

20、/intercultural business literature does not focus on communication. another focal point of intercultural communication research is individu-alism vs. collectivism and the impact of the relationship on the functioning of society IV. Intercultural Business Communication 跨文化商务交际 The Importance of Learn

21、ing Intercultural Business Communication 学习跨文化交际的重要性学习跨文化交际的重要性 Intercultural communication skills are essential for businesspersons in todays market the increase in globalization in the last few decades economic globalization Key Terms individualism 个人主义 中国幸福学认为，人的本性是不满足，不满足就是指人 们都希望我或者我们的事物更好。爱国主义

22、其实就是人 们不满足本性的一种表现形式，所以，个人主义就是每 个人都希望我的事物更好的信仰或理念。 collectivism 集体主义 指一切言行以合乎无产阶级及其广大人民群众集体利益 为根本出发点的思想。集体主义是共产主义道德的核心 ，是社会主义精神文明的重要标志。它同资产阶级个人 主义是根本对立的，是共产主义道德区别于一切旧道德 的本质特征。 Glossary paucity n. 少数，少量 focal adj. 焦点的 incorporate adj. 合并的，公司组织的 sociolinguistic adj. 社会语言学的 interact vi. 相互作用，相互影响 freque

23、ncy n. 频繁，频率 intensity n. 强烈，强度 Comprehension Questions How was the study of intercultural business communication？ 2.Why do we should learn intercultural business communication? Case Analysis Case 1 Phil is my foreign teacher. He is very nice and friendly to me and he often asks us to have free talk

24、 in his apartment. One day, I decided to give Phil a gift to express my appreciation of his help in my oral English. I called him but the line was busy. So I went to Phils apartment directly. He opened the door looking surprised, but didnt let me in. I stood in the corridor and said a few words of t

25、hanks, and gave my gift to him and left quietly with great disappointment and puzzlement. Questions for Discussion 1. How could he be so cold to me? All my gratitude and fondness of Phil seemed to have gone. Case Analysis Case 2 Mr. Wang, the Chairman of Board of Directors of a Chinese firm, told a

26、story on CCTV program Dialogue of how he once almost lost a valuable Canadian employee working for him in Vancouver. He emailed every day to the Canadian, inquiring for the index number he was most concerned about. To his great astonishment, his Canadian employee turned in his resignation after a we

27、ek. Mr. Wang was puzzled how he could do that to him as he gave such great attention to his job. A Chinese employee would have been more than happy if his or her boss had showed such great concern for him or her. He then found out that, unlike Chinese employees, the Canadian took what meant great co

28、ncern to Chinese as distrust. But Mr. Wang assumed unconsciously that the Canadian was more similar to his Chinese employees than he actually was and treated him just as he treated any Chinese employee. Case Analysis Case 2 Questions for Discussion 1. Why does the Canadian employee turn in his resig

29、nation? 2. What kind of response will a Chinese employee have if a boss showed great concern for him or her? 3. What are the reasons of this communication barrier? Case Analysis Case 3 In exchange for some U.S.-controlled land in West Germany, the German government agreed to construct a new facility

30、 at another military installation controlled by the U.S. Army. After the preliminary drawings were completed, a meeting was held with the German and American engineers and one translator repeated the question in English; the Americans question was then translated back into German. A German asked a q

31、uestion about the maximum distance allowed between two points that he had indicated in the drawing. The question was translated, and an American engineer quickly raised his hand with his index finger pointing upward and answered “one meter.” Case Analysis Case 3 The translator, thinking no translati

32、on was necessary, remained silent. The German engineers wrote two meters in their notes; the American wrote one meter. (The Germans, when using fingers to show a number, begin counting with the thumb as number one; therefore, the index finger, being the second finger from the thumb, represents the n

33、umber two.) (Source: Chery1 Hamilton, Communication for results: A Guide for Business and the Professions, 4thed, California, Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1993, p9 ) Questions for Discussion 1. Why did the translator think no translation was necessary when an American engineer answered “one meter”? 2. Does the index finger represent the same number in America and Germany? 3. Can you use this example to explain that encoding and decoding is the area where miscommunication takes place? Practice Task 1 Insert the phrase