语言学题目有问题详解

1、实用标准文案Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics1. Lan guage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma nA. con tactB. com muni cati onC. relationD.精彩文档com mun ityD.2. Which of the followi ng words is en tirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashbang3. The fun cti on of the sentenceWater boil

2、s at 100 degrees Cen tigrade.isA. i nterrogativeB. directiveC.in formativeD. performative4. In Chin ese whe n some one breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the peopleprese nt are likely to say “碎碎（岁岁）平安” as a means of con troll ing the forceswhich they believes feel might affect their lives. Which f

3、unctions does it perform?A. I nterpers onalB. EmotiveC.PerformativeD. Recreatio nal5. Which of the follow ing property of Ian guage en ables Ian guage users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of Ian guage,speakers of a Ian guage are free to talk about anything in

4、any situati on?A. Tran sferabilityB. DualityC.Displaceme ntD. Arbitrari ness6. Study the followi ng dialogue. What fun ctio n does it play accord ing to the fun cti ons of Ian guage? A nice day, isn t it? Right! I really enjoy the sun light.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC.PerformativeD. I nterpers onal7. refer

5、s to the actual realization of the ideal language user skno wledge of the rules of his Ian guage in uttera nces.A. Performa neeB. Compete neeC.Lan gueD. Parole8. Whe n a dog is bark ing, you assume it is bark ing for someth ing or atsome one that exists hear and no w. It could n t be sorrowful for s

6、ome lost love orlost bone. This in dicates the desig n feature of.A. cultural tran smissi onB. productivityC.displaceme ntD. duality9. an swers such questi ons as how we as infants acquire our firstIan guage.A. Psycholi nguisticsB.An thropological li nguisticsC. Socioli nguisticsD. Appliedlin guisti

7、cs10. deals with Ian guage applicati on to other fields, particularly educati on.A. Li nguistic theoryB. Practicallin guisticsC. Applied lin guisticsD.Comparative lin guisticsII. Decide whether the followi ng stateme nts are true or false. (10%)11. Lan guage is a means of verbal com muni cati on. Th

8、erefore, thecom muni cati on way used by the deaf-mute is no t la nguage.12. Lan guage cha nge is uni versal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. Speak ing is the quickest and most efficie nt way of the huma ncom muni catio n systems.14. Lan guage is writte n because writ ing is the primary medium for allIan

9、guages.15. We were all born with the ability to acquire Ian guage, which means thedetails of any Ian guage system can be gen etically tran smitted.16. On ly huma n beings are able to com muni cate.17. F. de Saussure, who made the disti ncti on betwee n Ian gue and parole inthe early 20th cen tury, w

10、as a French lin guist.18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare s time is anexample of the diachr onic study of Ian guage.19. Speech and writ ing came into being at much the same time in huma n history.20. All the Ian guages in the world today have both spoke n and writte n form

11、s.35.Why do people take duality as one of the important design features ofhuman Ianguage? Can you tell us what Ianguage will be if it has no such designfeature?（南开大学，2004 ）36.Why is it difficult to define Ianguage?(北京第一外国语大学，2004 )VI.Analyze the following situation. (20%)37.How can a linguist make h

12、is analysis scientific?(青岛海洋大学，1999 )15 BACCC610 BACAC1115 FFTFF1620 FFFFF31.Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human Ianguagethat tell the differe nee betwee n huma n Ian guage and any system of animal com muni catio n.32.Displaceme nt: It mea ns that huma n Ian guages en able

13、their users tosymbolize objects, eve nts and con cepts, which are not prese nt (in time and space) at the mome nt of com muni cati on.33.Compete nee: It is an esse ntial part of performa nee. It is the speaker sknowledge of his or her Ianguage; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its gra

14、mmatical rules. Compete nee is, in a way, an en cyclopedia of Ian guage. Moreover, the kno wledge invo Ived in compete nee is gen erally uncon scious. A tran sformatio nal-ge nerative grammar is a model of compete nee.34.Synchronic lin guistics: It refers to the study of a Ian guage at a give npoint

15、 in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point inthe past; synchronic an alyses can also be made of dead Ian guages, such as Lat in.Synchronic lin guistics is con trasted with diachroni c lin guistics, the study of a Ian guage over a period of time.35. Duality makes our I

16、an guage productive. A large nu mber of differe ntunits can be formed out of a small number of elements- for instanee, tens ofthousa nds of words out of a small set of soun ds, around 48 in the case of theEn glish Ian guage. And out of the huge nu mber of words, there can beastro nomical nu mber of

17、possible senten ces and phrases, which in turn cancomb ine to form un limited nu mber of texts. Most an imal com muni cati on systems do not have this desig n feature of huma n Ian guage.If Ianguage has no such design feature, then it will be like animalcom muni cati onal system which will be highly

18、 limited. It cannot produce a very large nu mber of sound comb in ati ons, e.g. words, which are disti net in meaning.36. It is difficult to define Ianguage, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally fr

19、ee from limitati ons.37. It should be guided by the four prin ciples of scie nee: exhaustive ness,con siste ncy, economy and objectivity and follow the scie ntific procedure: formhypothesis - collect data - check against the observable facts- come to acon clusi on.1. Pitch variati on is known aswhe

20、n its patter ns are imposed onsenten ces.A. i nto natio nB. toneC. pronun ciati onD. voice2. Conven ti on ally ais put in slashes (/ /).D. morphemeB. phoneC. pho nemeA. alloph one3. An aspirated p, an un aspirated p and an un released p areof thep pho neme.A. an aloguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allo

21、ph ones4. The ope ning betwee n the vocal cords is sometimes referred to asA. glottisB. vocal cavityC. phary nxD. uvula5. The diphtho ngs that are made with a moveme nt of the ton gue towardsthe cen ter are known asdiphth on gs.A. wideB. closi ngC. n arrowD. cen teri ng6. A phon eme is a group of si

22、milar sounds called.A. mini mal pairsB. allomorphsC. phones D. allopho nes7. Which branch of phon etics concerns the product ion of speech soun ds?A. Acoustic pho neticsB. Articulatory phon eticsC. Auditory pho neticsD. None of the above8. Which one is differe nt from the others accord ing to places

23、 of articulati on?A. nB. mC.b D. p9. Which vowel is differe nt from the others accord ing to the characteristics of vowels?A. i:B. u C.eD. i 10. What kind of sounds can we make whe n the vocal cords are vibrati ng?B. VoicedC. GlottalA. VoicelessstopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the followi ng state

24、me nts are true or false. (10%)11. Suprasegme ntal pho no logy refers to the study of phono logical properties of un its larger tha n the segme nt-ph on eme, such as syllable, word and senten ce.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to un dergo a nu mber of modificati on to acquire the qualit

25、y of a speech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variati on whe n they occur in the sameen vir onment and do not con trast, n amely, the substituti on of one for the other does not produce a differe nt word, but merely a differe nt pronun ciatio n.14. p is a voiced bilabial stop.15. Acoustic phon etic

26、s is concerned with the perceptio n of speech sounds.16. All syllables must have a nu cleus but not all syllables contain an on set and a coda.17. Whe n pure vowels or mono phth ongs are pronoun ced, no vowel glides take place.18. Accordi ng to the len gth or tensen ess of the pronun ciati on, vowel

27、s can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19. Received Pronun ciati on is the pronun ciati on accepted by most people.20. The maximal on set prin ciple states that whe n there is a choice as to where to place a consonan t, it is put into the coda rather tha n the on set.35. What is acous

28、tic phonetics?(中国人民大学，2003 )36. What are the differe nces betwee n voiced sounds and voiceless soundsin terms of articulati on?(南开大学，2004 )VI.An alyze the follow ing situatio n. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresp onds to each of the followi ng phon etic descripti ons; the n give an En glish word

29、 that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop d dog.(青岛海洋大学，1999 )(1)voiceless bilabial un aspirated stoplow front vowellateral liquidvelar n asalvoiced in terde ntal fricative5 ACDAA610 DBABB1115 TTTFF1620 TTTFF31. Sound assimilati on: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolati on. Inconn ect

30、ed speech, un der the in flue nee of their n eighbors, are replaced by other soun ds. Sometimes two n eighbori ng sounds in flue nee each other and are replaced by a third sound which is differe nt from both origi nal soun ds. This process is called sound assimilati on.32. Suprasegme ntal feature: T

31、he phon etic features that occur above the level of the segme nts are called suprasegme ntal features; these are the phono logical properties of such un its as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegme ntal ones in cludes stress, inton ati on, and tone.33. Compleme ntary distribu

32、ti on: The differe nt alloph ones of the same phon eme n ever occur in the same pho netic con text. Whe n two or more allopho nes of one phon eme n ever occur in the same lin guistic en vir onment theyare said to be in complementary distribution.34. Disti nctive features: It refers to the features t

33、hat can dist in guish onephon eme from ano ther. If we can group the phon emes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature. V.35Acoustic pho netics deals with the tran smissi on of speech sounds through the air. Whe n a speech sound

34、is produced it causes minor air disturba nces (so und waves). Various in strume nts are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36.Whe n the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes betwee nthem unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; co

35、nsonants p, s, t are produced in this way. But whe n the vocal cords are draw n together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. b, z, d are voiced consonan ts.Chapter 3 Lexic on1. No

36、uns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. fun cti onwordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represe nt ten se, nu mber, gen der and case are called morpheme.A.in flect ionalB. freeCboundD. derivatio nal3.There aremorphemes in the word den ati on alizati on.A.t

37、hreeB. fourCfiveD. six4.In En glish-se and-ion are called.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. in fixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and.A. derivati onal affixB. i nflectio nal affixC.infixD. back-formatio n6. is a way in which new words may be formed from alreadyexist ing words b

38、y subtract ing an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixati onB. back-formatio nC. i nsertio nD.additi on7. The word TB is formed in the way of.A. acronymyB. clippi ngC.in itialismD. ble nding8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by.A. ble ndingB. clipp ingC.back-formati

39、 onD. acronymy9. The stem of disagreeme nts is.A. agreeme ntB. agreeC.disagreeD. disagreeme nt10. All of them are meanin gful except for.A. lexemeB. phon emeC.morphemeD. allomorph11. Phon etically, the stress of a compo und always falls on the first eleme nt, while the sec ond eleme nt receives sec

40、on dary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remai ns whe n all in flecti onal affixes are removed.14. In most cases, prefixes cha nge the meaning of the base whereas suffixes cha nge the word-class of the base.15. Conv ers

41、i on from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compo und is formed by repeati ng the same morpheme ofa word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way ofono matopoeia.18. In most cases, the nu mber of syllables of a word corresp onds to thenu

42、mber of morphemes.19. Back-formati on is a productive way of word-formatio ns.20. In flecti on is a particular way of word-formatio ns.35. How many types of morphemes are there in the En glish Ian guage? What are they?(厦门大学，2003 )36. What are the main features of the En glish compo un ds?37.Match th

43、e terms underCOLUMN Iwiththe un derl inedforms fromCOLUMN II(武汉大学，2004 )II(1)acronyma.foefree morphemeb.subc on sciousderivatio nal morphemec.UNESCOin flecti onal morphemed.overwhelmedprefixe.calculati on15AACBB610 BCADB1115 FTI Fll1620 FTFFF31.Blending:It is a processof word-formationin whia new wo

44、rd isformed by comb ining the mea nings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like n ewscast (n ews + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)32. Allomorph: It is any of the varia nt forms of a morpheme as con diti onedby positi on

45、or adjoining soun ds.33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited.Pronouns, prepositi ons, conj un cti ons, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that gover ns which affix can be addedto what type of base to form a new word, e.g.-

46、y can be added to a noun to forman adjective.37.(1) cChapter 4 Syn tax1. The sentence structure is.A. only lin earB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both lin ear and hierarchical2. The syn tactic rules of any Ian guage arein nu mber.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD.infin ite3. Therules are the rules that gr

47、oup words and phrases to formgrammatical senten ces.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. li nguisticD.comb in atio nal4. A sentence is con sideredwhe n it does n ot conform to the grammaticalkno wledge in the mind of n ative speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD.un grammatical5. Ain the embedded clause r

48、efers to the in troductory word thatin troduces the embedded clause.A. coord in atorB. particleC. prepositi onD.subord in ator6. Phrase structure rules haveproperties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD.functional7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better un dersta ndA. how words and phrases form

49、 senten ces.B. what con stitutes the grammaticality of stri ngs of wordsC. how people produce and recog nize possible senten cesD. all of the above.D.8. The head of the phrase “ the city Rome ” is.A. the cityB. RomeC. citythe city Rome9. The phrase “ on the shelf ” bel ongs tocon structi on.A. en do

50、ce ntricB. exoce ntricC.subord in ateD. coord in ate10. The sentence“They were wan ted to rema in quiet and not to exposethemselves. is asentence.A. simpleB. coord in ateC.compo undD. complex11. Universally found in the grammars of all human Ianguages, syntactic rulesthat comprise the system of inte

51、rn alized lin guistic kno wledge of a Ian guage speaker are known as lin guistic compete nee.12. The syntactic rules of any Ianguage are finite in number, but there is nolimit to the nu mber of sen ten ces n ative speakers of that Ian guage are able to produce and comprehe nd.13. In a complex senten

52、 ce, the two clauses hold un equal status, onesubord in ati ng the other.14. Con stitue nts that can be substituted for one ano ther without loss ofgrammaticality bel ong to the same syn tactic category.15. Minor lexical categories are ope n because these categories are not fixedand new members are

53、allowed for.16. In En glish syn tactic an alysis, four phrasal categories are com mon lyrecognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17. In En glish the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct objectusually follows the verb.18. What is

54、actually in ternalized in the mi nd of a n ative speaker is a completelist of words and phrases rather tha n grammatical kno wledge.19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other eleme nts are opti on al.20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon,gen erate se

55、nten ces at the level of D-structure.2. 35. What are en doce ntric con structi on and exoce ntric con structi on?（武汉大学，2004 ）36.Distinguishthe two possible meanings of “ more beautiful flowers ” bymeans of IC an alysis.（北京第二外国语大学，2004 ）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Draw a tree diagra

56、m accord ing to the PS rules to show the deep structure ofthe senten ce:The stude nt wrote a letter yesterday.3. 15 DCDDD610 ADDBA1115 TTTTF1620 FTFTT4. 31. Syn tax:Syn tax refers to the rules gover ning the way words arecombined to form sentences in a Ianguage, or simply, the study of the formati on of senten ces.32. IC an alysis: Immediate con stitue nt an alysis, IC an alysis for short, refersto the an alysis of a sentence in terms of its imm