四级语法知识点总结(上)

1、四级语法知识点总结一：时态：所谓的时态，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表：过去现在将来过去将来一般diddowill/shall doshould/would do进行was/were doingam/is/are doingwill/shall be doing/完成had donehave/has donewill/shall havedoneshould/wouldhave done 用于虚拟语气完成进行had bee n doinghave/has bee n doing/过去现在, 将来过去将来J现在将来过去将来一般was/were give nam/is/are give nw

2、ill/shall be give nshould/would begive n进行was/were beinggive nam/is/are beinggive n/完成had bee n give nhave/has bee n give nwill/shall havebee n give nshould/would have bee n give n完成进行/1 .主动形式2 被动形式CET-4常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；现在/过去完成进行时。 一般过去时用.一般现在时现在完成时所有的过去现在和将来现在完成和将来完成:非谓语动词1不定式：一不定式的常考形式：1一般形式： H

3、e decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式：He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生2完成形式： He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式： The book is said to have bee n tran slated into many Ian guages.语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前二不定式常考的考点：1不定式做定语-将要发生2不定式做状语-目的3不定式充当名

4、词功能-To see is to believe.三不定式的省略感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to,smell, taste, feel+ do表示动作的完整性，真实性;+ doi ng表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。强调我看见了 这个事实I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。强调我见他正干活这个动作感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cak

5、e tastes good Itfeels comfortable .使役动词have bid make let等词后不定式要省略但同1 一样被动以后要复原toI d like to have Joh n do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesn t have to be made to learn.help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish， hope， man age promise，refuse，prete nd，pla n ，offer ，dec

6、ide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do ,permit sb to do, en able sb to doforce sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do beable to dobe ambitious to do. beg in to do . start to do五有的时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom on eself to; be accustomed to; face up to; inadditi on to; look forward

7、to; object to; be reduced to; resig non eself to; be resig ned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; bealter native to; be close/close ness to; be dedicati on/dedicated to;be oppositi on/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.2.动名词：具有动作性特征的名词1是名词 see ing is believ ing2具有动词性特征可以带宾语starvi ng troops is n e

8、cessary.一动名词的形式：一般形式：I dont like you smoking.完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.被动形式： This questio n is far from being settled.二动名词常考的点1动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2在动名词和不定式中，做为介词的宾语是动名词3动名词的否认直接在其前加否认词，通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.I would appreciateback this after noonA. you to call B . you call C . you calling D

9、. youre callingKey: C your calling 也对I regret not having taken your advice.4有些词后只能接动名词admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; con sider; con template;defer; delay; deny; detest; disc on ti nue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; iten tails; escape; excuse; expla in; fan cy; feel like; fini sh; forgive;cant help;

10、 hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand.另外还有一些接 -ing 形式的常用说法：its no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend mone

11、y/time; theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point.5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean 后面用不定式和 -ing 形 式，意义截然不容。I remembered to post the letters. 指未来/ 过去未来的动作 I remembered posting/having posting the letters 我记得这个动作 forgot 与remember的用法类似。I

12、 regret to inform you tha t 我很遗憾地通知你I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.为了 二十年前的离开而遗憾。try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.try - ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day.I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 打算、想 我想去，但我父亲不让我去。To raise wage means increasin

13、g purchasing power. 意味着 赠加工 资意味着增加购置力。prefer的用法：我宁愿在这里等。I prefer to wait here. 所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。I prefer waiting here.我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。I prefer swimming to cycling.这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。3分词：现在分词主动进行，过去分词被动状态现在分词的形式：1般式：Do you see the man talki ng to the dea n主任与谓语动词同步发生2完成形式： Not having made adequate prepara

14、tions, they failed.发生谓语动词之前3完成被动形式： Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.发生谓语动词之前且表示被动过去分词1过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared.2过去分词的进行形式：Y oull find the topic bei ng discussedeverywhere.强调正在被做这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些 非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系主动还是被动，往往就是考 点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动

15、被动的 关系。三：虚拟语气情态动词所表达的可能性程度：must/ca nt should/should ntmight/may not另外两个类情态词的形式：need/neednt; have to/dont have to最自然的虚拟状态：由 should/would+ 原型时态不含时间只含状态本质上是过去将来时：即，时间固定在过去将来，状态不同：般、进仃、完成、完成进行这时虚拟语气的产生往往是因为我们要表达本来应该而现在却还没有本来可以，本来能I should go!(but rm still here!)般I should be work ing now!进行I should have

16、practiced more tha n 1 did!我应该多多练习！言下之意，现在我练习得不多。完成I should nt dream away my time too much!完成的否认(actually I did dream away my time too much!)It should nt have bee n leak ing for such a long time!完成进行完成I may/might/could have fini shed!一些常见的句型中，就会出现这种虚拟语气，而处于从句之中，should常常被省略掉o suggest, advise, propose

17、, recommend, plan;o dema nd, order, direct, arran ge, comma nd, decide;o require, request;o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.由于他们的含义中包含建议，假设，应该这类的含义，所以，由他们引起的 从句中，就会包含有should+原型时态构成的虚拟语气。这些动词以及他们的名次形式，分词形式引起的从句还有其他的变形：主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句Its suggested that My suggesti on is that The only suggesti

18、on that.The only suggesti on I can give you now is that一些形容词引起的表语从句中，也会有同样的情况importa nt; n ecessary; esse ntialatural; stra nge; in crediblethata pity; a shame; no won der由lest, for fear that, in case引起的从句中多使用 should表达与事实相反1. 与现在相反：使用过去时:I wish I were not here!一般现在一般过去Suppose we were not here.He loved me as if I were his own son.Hopei were nt always los ing thi ngs!般现在一般过去现在进行过去进行现在完成过去完成What if I had nt bee n wait ingright here!现在完成进行过去完If on ly/lfI had nt bee n there!成进行;would rather (that)常考句型:Its (high) time (that)这两个从句，只能表达对现在的看法，所以，从句中只有一般过去时2. 与过去相反：过去完成时;How n