优质词汇学Unit4

1、Unit 4 Significance of Words一、 Significance of wordsI. Definition of SignificanceSignificance of words is the nominating things, behaviors and qualities. PlatoA Word is the symbol of a singular definition, always pointing to its definition. Wilhelm von HumoldtII. What is Semantic meaning?In a broad

2、sense, semantic meaning represents humans thinking and thoughts. Without semantic meaning, people couldnt achieve the mutual communication and understanding.In a narrow sense, semantic meaning refers to the language meaning of the words and sentences, also called the word s meaning and the sentences

3、 meaning.一般来说， 研究意义特别是研究语言意义的 学 科 被 称 为 语 义 学 ( semantics or semasiology)。I. 以下各句中 country 表示不同的意思，从B 栏中选出 country 在 A 栏各句中的准确意 义：A1. What do you mean by a farming country ?2. The candidate has won the sixty percent of the country.3. There is a great gap between rich and poor countries.4. The childr

4、en are looking forward to having a picnic in the country next week.5. The young scientist left his country and went on with his medical research abroad. Ba. a nation or a state with its land or population.b. The nation or state of ones birth or citizenshipc. The people of a nation or stated. L and w

5、ith a social nature or charactere. The countrysideII. 根据词义的拟声理据，将下列 B 栏中模 拟动物叫声的词语与 A 栏中对应的动物名称词相配：AApes , bears, beetles , birds, bulls, cats, cattle , crickets , doves, donkeys , ducks , flies , foxes , geese , hens , larks, mice , monkeys, owls, pigs , , ravens , sheep , snakes , swans , turkeys

6、, wolves .BSing, buzz, bray, gibber, neigh, quack, coo, cry, chatter, bellow, growl, hoot, bleat, low, hiss, grunt, drone, purr, yelp, squeak, gabble, howl, gobble, cluck, chirp, warble, croak ChauvinismApes gibber, bears growl, beetles drone, birds Sing, bulls bellow, cats purr, cattle low, cricket

7、s chirp, doves coo, donkeys bray, ducks quack, flies buzz, foxes yelp, geese gabble, hens cluck, larks warble, mice squeak, monkeys chatter, owlshoot, pigsgrunt, oink, ravens croak, sheep bleat, snakes hiss, swans cry, turkeys gobble, wolves howl.三、词义的分类I. conceptual meaning 概念意义可分解成若干个最小的意义单位II. co

8、nnotative meaning 词的内涵意义因人而异、因不同年龄而异 某些词语的内涵意义带有民族性特征III. social meaning如 : daddy, male parent, father domicile, residence, abode, homeIV. affective meaning appreciative and pejorative （ 褒义和贬义 ）V. reflective meaning 禁忌词 taboo words “委婉词语” euphemistic expressionsVI. collocative meaning pretty: girl,

9、lady, woman, flower, garden, color,villagehandsome: boy, man, car, vessel, overcoat, palace, airlinerVII. thematic meaninga. Mrs. Smith donated the first prize.b.The first prize was donated by Mrs. Smith. 四、词义分析 Semantic Analysis Componential Analysis and Semantic Field Theory语义成份分析法和语义场理论I. Compone

10、ntial AnalysisII. Semantic Field Theory1.animal2.1. domestic animal 2.2.wild animal 2.1: chicken, cat, dog, pig, sheep, cow, horse, 2.2: panda, monkey, wolf, tiger, lion, elephant,1. 语义场的三层次性质1）层次性2）系统性3）相对性2. 语义场的类型1）分类义场2）顺序义场3）关系义场可分为同义义场（ synoymy ）和反义义场 （ antonymy ）。同义义场：dialectal synonyms（方言同义义

11、场）, stylistic synonyms （ 文 体 同 义 义 场 ） , collocational synonyms （搭配同义义场）,semantically different synonyms （语义性差异 同义义场）反义义场： gradable antonyms（分级反义义 场）,compleme ntary an to nyms（互补反义义 场）,relational antonyms（关系反义义场 ）III. 现代语义学的词义研究1. 框架语义学的词义研究2. 认知语义学的词义研究ExercisesI. 以下各小题的两组词语具有相同或相异 的语义特征， 指出它们的语义特征

12、并填在横 线上：例：（ a） widow, mother, sister, aunt, maid（b） widower, father, brother, uncle, valetThe (a) and (b)words are huma n.The (a)words are _female_ and (b) words are _male_1. (a) bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chief(b) bull, rooster, drake, ramThe (a) and (b) words areThe (a) words are.The (b)

13、words are.2. (a) table, pencil, cup, house, ship, car(b) milk, alcohol, rice, soup, beer, burgerThe (a) words are.The (b) words are.3. (a) book, temple, moun ta in, road, tractor(b) idea, love, charity, sin cerity, bravery, fear The (a) words are.The (b) words are.4. (a) pine, elm, ash, weeping will

14、ow,sycamore(b) rose, dandelion, aster, tulip, daisy The (a) and (b) words areThe (a) words are.The (b) words are .5. (a) book, letter, encyclopedia, notebook, dictionary(b) typewriter, pencil, pen, crayon, charcoal, chalkThe (a) words are.The (b) words are .6. (a) walk, run, skip, jump, hop, swim (b

15、) fly, skate, ski, ride, cycle, hang-glideThe (a) and (b) words areThe (a) words are.The (b) words are .novel,quill,canoe,7. ( a) ask, tell, say, talk, converse (b) shout, whisper, mutter, drawlThe (a) and (b) words areThe (a) words are.The (b) words are.8. (a) absent/ present, alive/ dead, asleep/

16、awake, married/ sin gle(b) big/ small, cold/ hot, sad/ happy, slow/ fastThe (a) and (b) words areThe (a) words are.The (b) words are.II. 把方框内词语编入三个不同的语义场Shoulderpen cilbookrosedicti onaryheadPenlotusno tebookdaisyn ecklegchrysa nthemum tuliphand1. flowers2. body parts3. stationeryIII. 从下列七组词语中各找出一个不

17、属于该 组语义场的词。1. pen, pencil, ink, wallpaper, pencil-box, ruler, pads2. soap, towel, bathtub, oven, basin, sink, perfume 3. driver, professor, clerk, student, nurse, guard, porter 4. walk, stride, pace, plunge, run, stroll, roam, parade5. car, truck, bus, train, bicycle, airplane, steamboat6. red, gree

18、n, purple, pink, blue, sand, brown, orange7. cup, mug, glass, stick, bowl, pot, plateI. 以下各小题的两组词语具有相同或相异 的语义特征， 指出它们的语义特征并填在横线上：3. (a) bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chief(b) bull, rooster, drake, ramThe (a) and (b) words are_maleThe (a) words are_humans.The (b) words are _animals.4. (a) table, pencil, cup, house, ship, car(b) milk, alcohol, rice, soup, beer, burger The (a) words are_materials or tools for use.The (b) words are _food and drinks.3. (a) book, temple, mountain, road, tractor(b) idea, love, charity, sincerity, bravery, fear The (a) words are_concret