Chapter 6 Cargo Insurance

1、L/O/G/OL/O/G/OChapter 6 Cargo Insurance1. Definition of Insurance Insurance is a contract whereby one party, in consideration of a premium (保险金) paid, undertakes to indemnify the other party against loss from certain perils or risks to which the subject matter (标的物) insured may be exposed. whereby:

2、in accordance with whichRisksPerils of the sea海上风险海上风险Extraneous risks外来风险外来风险Natural calamities自然灾害自然灾害Fortuitous accidents意外事故意外事故General extraneous risks一般外来风险一般外来风险Special extraneous risks特殊外来风险特殊外来风险2. Risks, losses and charges of ocean cargo transportNatural calamities (自然灾害自然灾害) refer to the

3、perils under force majeure (不可抗力不可抗力) such as heavy weather, thunder storm and lightning, tsunami, earthquake and flood. (The ordinary action of winds and waves is not taken as natural calamities.)Fortuitous accidents (意外事故意外事故) are such risks as ship stranding, striking upon the rocks, ship sinking

4、, ship collision, colliding with icebergs or other objects, fire, explosion, etc. General extraneous risks 偷窃，提货不着(Theft,Pilferage and Nondelivery)， 淡水雨淋(Fresh Water and/or Rain Damage)， 短量(Shortage in Weight)， 渗漏(Leakage)， 混杂、沾污(Intermixture and Contamination)， 碰损、破碎(Clash and Breakage)， 串味(Taint o

5、f Odour)， 受潮受热(Sweating/dampness and Heating )， 钩损(Hook Damage)， 包装破裂(Breakage of Packing)， 锈损(Rust) Special extraneous risks 战争(War) 罢工(Strike) 交货不到(Failure to deliver) 拒收(Rejection)Total Loss 全部损失全部损失Partial Loss 部分损失部分损失Actual Total Loss实际全损实际全损Constructive Total Loss推定全损推定全损General Average共同海损共同

6、海损Particular Average单独海损单独海损lossActual total loss 实际全损实际全损被保险货物的实体已经完全灭失被保险货物的实体已经完全灭失被保险货物遭到严重损害，已丧失了原有的用途和被保险货物遭到严重损害，已丧失了原有的用途和价值价值被保险人对保险货物的所有权已无可挽回地被完全被保险人对保险货物的所有权已无可挽回地被完全剥夺剥夺载货船舶失踪，达到一定时期仍无音讯载货船舶失踪，达到一定时期仍无音讯A loss that occurs when the insured property is totally destroyed or is damaged in s

7、uch a way that it can be neither recovered nor repaired for further use, or the insured is irretrievably (无可挽救地) deprived of it. Constructive total loss 推定全损推定全损被保险货物的实际全损已经不可避免，或者恢复、修复受损货物以及运送货物到原定目的地所花费的费用超过保险标的的价值。The actual total loss to insured property is inevitable, or a loss to insured prope

8、rty that is not total but is so great that repair would cost more than the value of the propertyFor example, an automobile is so badly damaged by fire that fixing it would cost more than the restored vehicle would be worth.General Average 共同海损共同海损Any losses resulting from a voluntary sacrifice of pa

9、rt of the ship or cargo to save the whole in an emergency, all parties in a sea venture proportionally share these losses.General Average 共同海损是指在同一海上航程中，船舶、货物和其他财产遭遇共同危险，船方为了共同安全，有意地合理地采取措施所直接造成的特殊牺牲和支付的特殊费用。 共同海损应由有关利害关系方共同分摊Partial loss of cargo or vessel resulting from peril of the sea for which

10、the owner of that cargo or vessel must bear the entire loss. 海上风险直接造成的货物或船舶的部分损失；应由货物或船舶所有人自行承担。Particular average 单独海损单独海损For example: exporting rice cannot be used according to its original usage because of its having been soaked by sea water for a long time owing to heavy weather, as a result, th

11、e goods has to be sold at a lower price at the destination. Case Study 一载货船舶由天津港驶出不远处，一船舱起火，一载货船舶由天津港驶出不远处，一船舱起火，船长下令引水灭火，火虽扑灭，船的主机被烧坏，遂船长下令引水灭火，火虽扑灭，船的主机被烧坏，遂租拖船拖回天津港，修理完毕后重驶目的港。事后检租拖船拖回天津港，修理完毕后重驶目的港。事后检查，发现如下损失：查，发现如下损失：1 1）300300箱货物被焚；箱货物被焚；2 2）100100箱货箱货物被烟熏；物被烟熏；3 3）200200箱货物被水浸湿；箱货物被水浸湿；4 4）主

12、机和部分）主机和部分甲板烧坏；甲板烧坏；5 5）拖船费用；）拖船费用；6 6）额外增加的燃料费用和）额外增加的燃料费用和船员工资。以上损失哪些是共同海损，哪些是单独海船员工资。以上损失哪些是共同海损，哪些是单独海损？损？ 属于共同海损的：（3）200箱货物被水浸湿；（5）拖船费用；6）额外增加的燃料费用和船员工资 （这是在失火后采取补救措施，防止更大损失的必要损失，须共同承担） 属于单独海损的：1）300箱货物被焚；2）100箱货物被烟熏；4）主机和部分甲板烧坏。（因为这是海上风险失火直接造成的，须船主或货主自行承担）Sue and labor expensesSalvages charges

13、施救费用施救费用 （施救人为被保险人或（施救人为被保险人或其代理人、雇员等）其代理人、雇员等）救助费用救助费用 （救助人为保险（救助人为保险人和被保险人之外的第三人和被保险人之外的第三者）者）Maritime charges海上费用海上费用3. Ocean Marine Cargo Insurance Scope of cover 承包责任范围 This insurance is classified into two categories: basic insurance (基本险) and additional insurance (附加险).2.1 Basic insurance Bas

14、ic insurance includes Free From Particular Average （F. P. A. ）， With Average （W. A. ） and All Risks. 平安险，水渍险，一切险FPA(平安险平安险): free from particular average 1） Total or constructive total loss of the whole consignment hereby insured caused in the course of transit by natural calamities: heavy weather，

15、lightning， tsunami， earthquake and flood. （自然灾害造成的全损） 被保险货物在运输途中由于恶劣气候、雷电、海啸、地震、洪水自然灾害造成整批货物的全部损失或推定全损。 2） Total or partial Loss caused by accidents the carrying conveyance（运输工具） being grounded， stranded， sunk or in collision with floating ice or other objects as fire or explosion （意外事故造成的全损或部分损失） 由

16、于运输工具遭受搁浅、触礁、沉没、互撞、与流冰或其他物体碰撞以及失火、爆炸意外事故造成货物的全部或部份损失FPA 3） Partial loss of the insured goods attributable to heavy weather， lightning and/or tsunami， where the conveyance has been grounded， stranded， sunk or burnt, irrespective of whether the event or events took place before or after such accidents

17、. 由于恶劣天气、雷电或海啸造成运输工具已经搁浅、触礁、沉没或起火事故而发生的投保货物的部分损失，不论事故发生在自然灾害之前还是之后。 FPA 4） Partial or total loss consequent on falling of entire package or packages into sea during loading， transshipment or discharge. 在装卸或转运时由于一件或数件整件货物落海造成的全部或部份损失。FPA 5）Reasonable cost incurred by the insured on salvaging the good

18、s or averting or minimizing a loss recoverable under the Policy ， provided that such cost shall not exceed the sum insured of the consignment so saved. 被保险人对遭受承保责任内危险的货物采取抢救、防止或减少货损的措施而支付的合理费用，但以不超过该批被救货物的保险金额为限。FPA 6） Losses attributable to discharge of the insured goods at a port of distress (避难港)

19、 following a sea peril as well as special charges arising from loading， warehousing and forwarding of the goods at an intermediate port of call or refuge. 运输工具遭遇海难后，在避难港由于卸货所引起的损失以及在中途港、避难港由于卸货、存仓以及运送货物所产生的特别费用。FPA 7） Sacrifice in and contribution to General Average and Salvage Charges 共同海损的牺牲、分摊和救助

20、费用。 8） Such proportion of losses sustained (遭受) by the ship-owners as is to be reimbursed (偿还) by the Cargo Owner under the Contract of Affreightment (租船契约、运输契约)Both to Blame Collision clause. 运输契约订有“船舶互撞责任”条款，根据该条款规定应由货方偿还船方的损失。FPA 总的来说，在投保平安险的情况下，保险公司主要对自然灾害造成的全部损失和意外事故造成的全部损失及部分损失予以赔偿。 此外，对于海上意外事

21、故发生前后，由于自然灾害造成的部分损失也予以赔偿。 With Average （W. A. ）With Particular Average (W.P.A.)（水渍险）（水渍险） Aside from the risks covered under F. P. A. condition as above， this insurance also covers partial losses of the insured goods caused by heavy weather ， lightning， tsunami ， earthquake and/or flood. 除包括上列平安险的各项

22、责任外，本保险还负责被保险货物由于恶劣气候、雷电、海啸、地震、洪水自然灾害所造成的部份损失。 All Risks（一切险）（一切险） Aside from the risks covered under the F. P. A. and W. A. conditions as above， this insurance also cover all risks of loss of or damage to the insured goods whether partial or total, arising from general extraneous risks in the cause

23、 of transit. 除包括上列平安险和水渍险的各项责任外，本保险还负责被保险货物在运输途中由于外来原因所致的全部或部分损失。 一切险并非保险公司对一切风险损失均付赔偿责任，它只对水渍险和一般外来原因引起的可能发生的风险损失负责，而对货物的内在缺陷、自然损耗以及由于特殊外来原因（如战争、罢工等）所引起的风险和损失，概不负赔偿责任。 一切险是水渍险和一般附加险的总和。3.2 Additional insurance 一般附加险(General additional insurance) 偷窃，提货不着险(Theft,Pilferage and Nondelivery Risk-T.P.N.D

24、) 淡水雨淋险(Fresh Water and/or Rain Damage Risk) 短量险(Risk of Shortage in Weight) 渗漏险(Risk of Leakage) 混杂、沾污险(Risk of Intermixture and Contamination) 碰损、破碎险(Risk of clash and breakage) 串味险(Risk of Odour) 受潮受热险(Sweating and Heating Risk) 钩损险(Hook Damage Risk) 包装破裂险(Breakage of Packing Risk)1. 锈损险(Risk of

25、Rust) 一般附加险不能作为一个单独的项目投保，而只能在投保平安险或水渍险的基础上，根据货物的特性和需要加保一种或若干种一般附加险。 如果在水渍险的基础上加保所有的一般附加险，这就叫做投保一切险。常见附加险常见附加险 特殊附加险(Special additional insurance)包括 战争险(War Risk) 罢工险 (Strike Risk) 交货不到险(Failure to Deliver Risk) 拒收险(Rejection Risk)等Case study 例： 某年2月,中国某纺织进出口公司与大连某海运公司签订了运输1000件丝绸衬衫到马赛的协议。合同签订后,进出口公司又向保险公司就该批货物的运输投保了平安险单。2月20日,该批货物装船完毕后启航,2月25日,装载该批货物的轮船在海上突遇罕见大风暴,船体严重受损,于2月26日沉没,3月20日.纺织品进出口公司向保险公司就该批货物索赔,保险公司以该批货物由自然灾害造成损失为由拒绝赔偿,于是,进出口公司向法院起诉,要求保险公司偿付保险金。 问题: 本案中保险公司是否应负赔偿责任 案例分析案例分析 保险公司应负赔偿责任。根据中国人民保险公司海洋运输货物保险条款的规定,海运货物保险的险别分为基本险和附加险两大类,基本险是可以单独投保的险种.主要承保海上风险造成的货物损失,包括平安险、水渍险与一般险。平安险