英语如何进行音英文课件

1、英语如何进行发音英文PhoneticsLING 200Spring 2002英语如何进行发音英文What is phonetics? Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs Articulatory phonetics: production of sounds/signs 英语如何进行发音英文Articulatory phonetics Description of speech soundsVocal tract struct

2、ures relevant for speech Transcription of speech sounds Sound inventoriesOf spoken languages:英语如何进行发音英文Vocal tract anatomy英语如何进行发音英文Major structuresstructure (noun)adjectival descriptorlipslabialteethdentalalveolar ridgealveolarhard palatepalatalsoft palate = velumvelarnasal cavitynasallarynxlarynge

3、alglottisglottal英语如何进行发音英文Phonetic description Consonants: e.g.Laryngeal settingvoicelessPlace of articulationbilabialDegree of occlusion/manner stop英语如何进行发音英文Phonetic transcription Alphabetic and other symbols which abbreviate phonetic descriptionsE.g. voiceless bilabial stop = p Different systems

4、of phonetic transcriptionAmericanistInternational Phonetic Association英语如何进行发音英文Value of phonetic transcription A universal framework for the description of languages1 symbol 1 soundMany languages lack writing systems Superior to many writing systems英语如何进行发音英文Preparing a transcription What are the s

5、ounds of the language? How can they be represented?英语如何进行发音英文Phonetic transcription driftwood cane footwear grease straight up your collarbone英语如何进行发音英文Phonetic transcriptiontzdriftwoodthzcaneqhEfootwearXEgreasentqstraight upntqyour collarbone英语如何进行发音英文Vocal tract anatomyUpper articulatorLower artic

6、ulator英语如何进行发音英文Major lower articulators英语如何进行发音英文Major structures of the tonguestructuredescriptortonguelingualcoronaltipapicalbladelaminaldorsumdorsalrootradical英语如何进行发音英文Description of speech sounds Place of articulation Degree of occlusion (manner) Oral or nasal Laryngeal settingMain parameters

7、for consonants:英语如何进行发音英文Degree of occlusion How close are lower and upper articulator? Relatively close, constricted (occluded) airflow: consonants Relatively far apart, unconstricted airflow: vowels Defines classes of sounds Vowels vs. consonants: a vs. d Subclasses of vowels: a vs. i Subclasses o

8、f consonants: d vs. z英语如何进行发音英文Place of articulation: consonants Different languages produce sounds at different places of articulation Witsuwiten qis king salmon vs. English geese gis英语如何进行发音英文English consonant place of articulationlower articulatorupper articulatorexample(bi-)labialbinlabio-dental

9、fininterdental thin(apico-)alveolartinpalatalshinvelarkinglottalhim英语如何进行发音英文Place of articulation英语如何进行发音英文Degree of occlusion Consonant subclassesStops: complete occlusion of airflowFricatives: air pressure build-up behind occlusion; turbulent airflowApproximants (liquids and glides): no pressure

10、build-up英语如何进行发音英文Oral vs. nasal Velum raised Air flows into oral cavity onlyoral sound Velum lowered Air flows into oral and nasal cavitiesnasal sound Nasal fricatives are rare in the worlds languages. Why?英语如何进行发音英文English oral vs. nasal stops(oral) stop (= plosive)nasal (stop)bilabialpin binKimal

11、veolartin dinkinvelarkin againkingglottaluh-ohStop: produced with complete occlusion, lower and upper articulators seal off airflow英语如何进行发音英文English fricativesplaceexamplelabiodentalfin, VINinterdentalthin, thenalveolarsip, zippalatalAleutian, illusionlaryngealhinderFricative: produced with turbulen

12、t airflow, pressure build-up behind occlusion英语如何进行发音英文Affricates = Stop released into fricative of same place of articulation English affricatesplaceexamplepalatalchin, gin英语如何进行发音英文English approximantsApproximant: No pressure build-up, non-turbulent airflowplacestrictureexampleliquidsalveolarlater

13、allip( )ripglidespalatalyiplabio-velarwhip英语如何进行发音英文Laryngeal setting英语如何进行发音英文Laryngeal setting English: What is the state of the vocal cords?英语如何进行发音英文Laryngeal setting: the larynx英语如何进行发音英文Laryngeal setting: vocal cords英语如何进行发音英文Laryngeal setting English voiced vs. voiceless (oral) stops and affr

14、icatesvoicedvlslabialcrabbycrappyalveolarbadbatpalatalbadgebatchvelarbagback英语如何进行发音英文Degree of occlusion How close are lower and upper articulator? Relatively close, constricted (occluded) airflow: consonants stops fricatives approximants Relatively far apart, unconstricted airflow: vowels英语如何进行发音英

15、文Vowels Vowel qualityHeightBacknessLabiality Vowel quantity英语如何进行发音英文A five vowel inventorySpanishfrontcentralbackhighiumideolowA英语如何进行发音英文Spanish vowelsfrontcentralbackhighmisA MassmusA musemidmesA tablemosA waitresslowmAsA dough英语如何进行发音英文Quality Height High mid low Backness Front central back Labi

16、ality Rounded unrounded Non-low back vowels usually rounded英语如何进行发音英文Phonetic description i = high front unrounded vowel e = mid front unrounded vowel A = low central(-back) unrounded vowel o = mid back rounded vowel u = high back rounded vowel英语如何进行发音英文Another five vowel inventoryMandarin (Chinese)

17、/y = high front rounded vowel = mid central unrounded vowelfrontcentralbackhighiumidlowA英语如何进行发音英文Mandarin vowel qualityfrontcentralbackunrndroundunrndroundhigh 1 bruise crowmid hungrylowA ah英语如何进行发音英文Vowel quantity: Sahaptinfrontcentralbackhighi i:u u:lowA A: = high central unrounded voweli = high

18、front unrounded voweli: = long high front unrounded vowel英语如何进行发音英文Sahaptin short vowelsfrontcentralbackhightit- fart /tt toothtut your dadlowtAt dirty英语如何进行发音英文Sahaptin short vs. long vowelsshortlongstsAt nightstsA:t dark pi paternal auntci: waterpju snakepu: juniper英语如何进行发音英文English vowels English

19、, a Germanic language Proto-Germanic vowelsi i:u u:e e: o:a英语如何进行发音英文English vowels Historical length tense/lax contrast E.g. e: i, e E英语如何进行发音英文English vowelsfrontcentralbackunroundedunroundedroundedhightenseiulaxmidtenseeolax/tenseElowlax/tenseA英语如何进行发音英文English vowelsfrontcentralbackunroundedunroundedroundedhightensehid heedhud whodlaxhd hidhd hoodmidtensehed hayedhod hoedlax/tens