供应链文献翻译

1、供应链管理体系下的物流管理【摘要】供应链管理是一种有效的管理方法，而物流管理是供应链管理的重要组 成部分。物流是为实现商品价值，使物质实体从生产者到达消费者之间的物理性 活动。供应链管理体系下的物流管理是一种统一规划下的物流系统，它具有供应链的管理特征，表现出集成化优势，进一步带来了物流系统的敏捷性，更加有效 地提高了企业的运作效率，使企业创造更大收益成为可能。本文首先阐述了供应 链管理和物流管理的基本概念，分析了供应链管理体系下的物流管理， 并对应注 意的问题进行了说明。20世纪80年代，随着物流一体化由企业内部物流活动的整合转向跨越企业 边界的不同企业间协作，供应链管理（Supply Ch

2、a in Man ageme nt ，简称SCM） 的概念应运而生。能够真正认识并率先提出供应链管理概念的也是一些具有丰富 物流管理经验和先进物流管理水平的世界级顶尖企业。这些企业在研究企业发展 战略的过程中发现，面临日益激烈的市场竞争，仅靠一个企业和一种产品的力量 已不足以占据优势，企业必须与原料供应商、产品分销商和第三方物流服务者等 结成持久、紧密的联盟，共同建设高效率、低成本的供应链，才可以从容面对市 场竞争并取得最终胜利。一、供应链管理和物流管理的概念1、物流管理的概念物流管理有狭义和广义之分。狭义的物流管理是指物资的采购、运输、仓储 和配送等活动，是企业之间的一种物资流通活动。广义的

3、物流管理包括了生产过 程中的物料转化过程，基于这种广义的物流管理，供应链管理也常常被人们认为 即是物流管理。物流管理与供应链管理具有相似性，但在管理范围、管理角度、 组织内部关系等方面又有明显的区别。由此可以看出，供应链管理源于物流管理，物流管理是供应链管理的重要内容，供应链管理的实效很大程度上取决于采购、 运输、仓储和配送等物流作业环节的管理和运作状况。因此，物流管理是供应链 管理发挥整体效益的前提和基础。2、供应链和供应链管理的概念供应链是围绕核心企业，通过对信息流、物流、资金流的控制，从采购原材 料、制成中间产品以及最终产品，由销售网络把产品送到消费者手中的将供应商、 制造商、分销商和零

4、售商直到最终用户连成一个整体的功能网链结构模式。供应链管理是指人们在认识和掌握供应链各环节内在规律和相互联系的基 础上，利用管理的计划、组织、指挥、协调、控制和激励职能，对产品生产和流 通过程中各个环节所涉及的物流、 信息流、资金流、价值流以及业务流进行的合 理调控，以期达到最佳组合，发挥最大效率，以最小成本为客户提供最大价值的 过程。供应链管理是在满足服务水平需要的同时， 为了使系统成本最小而采用的把 供应商、制造商、仓库和商店有效结合成一体，并把正确数量的商品在正确时间 配送到正确地点的一套方法。供应链管理把对成本有影响和在满足顾客需求过程 中起作用的每一方都考虑在内，从供应商、制造商、仓

5、库、配送中心到零售商， 甚至是供应商的供应商及客户的客户， 其目的在于提高效率、降低成本。供应链 管理把企业管理的范畴从单个企业扩大到整个供应链并对之进行有效管理，通过信息共享将错失销售机会的可能性降到最低， 减少整个供应链上的库存，降低操 作成本，缩短交货时间，改善现金流量，将市场需求变化的风险降到最低。二、供应链管理下物流管理的应用1、供应链管理在物流中应用的必然性物流系统是一个社会化系统，制约其发展的因素很多：不同消费区域的客 户情况和环境条件，配送环节，物流成本，库存控制等等。供应链管理应用于物 流是一种统一规划下的物流系统，具有供应链的管理特征和集成化优势。供应链 管理中业务流程重组

6、”的思想使得作业流程快速重组能力极大提高，促进了物流 系统的敏捷性，通过消除不增加价值的部分为供应链物流系统进一步降低成本和 精细化运作提供了基本保障。供应链是一个整体，合作性与协调性是供应链管理的重要特点。 在这一环境 中的物流系统也需要无缝连接，它的整体协调性应得到强化，例如运输的货物要 准时到达，顾客的需要才能及时得到满足。采购的物资不能在途中受阻才会增强 供应链的合作性，因此供应链物流系统获得高度的协调化是保证供应链获得成功 的前提条件。物流管理主要关注企业内部的功能整合，而供应链管理则是把供应链中的所 有节点企业看作一个整体，强调企业之间的一体化，关注企业之间的相互关联。 物流管理是

7、计划机制，而供应链管理是协商机制，是一个开放的系统，通过协调 分享需求与存货”的信息以减少或消除供应链成员之间的缓冲库存。供应链管理 的概念不仅仅是物流的简单延伸。物流管理主要关注于组织内部对流”的优化，而对供应链管理仅仅认识到进行内部整合的重要性是不够的。所以，供应链应用于物流不但优化了传统的物流系统， 更使物流系统向更高一级发展，使物流的支 链变大变广，使供应链管理发挥最佳效果。2、供应链管理体系下物流管理的特点物流管理是供应链管理的一个重要组成部分，其显著特点就是整体性。供应 链管理过程中的信息传递很重要，其信息传递是在企业间逐级进行的，信息偏差 也会沿着传递方向逐级变大，难免会出现信息

8、失真，信息的利用率随之降低。另 外，一般环境下的物流管理缺乏整体规划的观念， 链上的每个组织只关心自己的 资源（如库存），相互之间很少有沟通和合作。这经常导致一方面库存不断增加， 另一方面当市场需求出现时又无法满足， 因而企业库存成本很高，企业间因为物 流系统不善而错失市场机遇。在供应链管理体系下，各环节之间是战略合作关系， 具有利益一致性，各方的信息交流不受时间和空间的限制， 信息的流量增加，信 息的传递方式实现网络化，进而各方提高了在信息共享的程度，避免了信息的失 真现象。除此以外，供应链管理体系下的物流管理还有以下特点。（1）提高了物流系统的快速反应能力。供应链管理以 In ternet

9、作为技术支 撑，其成员企业能及时获得并处理信息，通过消除不增加价值的程序和时间进一 步降低供应链的物流系统的成本，为实现其敏捷性、精细性运作提供基础性保障。（2）增进了物流系统的无缝连接。无缝连接是使供应链获得协调运作的前提条 件，没有物流系统的无缝连接，顾客需求得不到及时的满足、物资采购中途受阻 等等而造成的有形成本和无形成本的增加会使供应链的价值大打折扣。（3）提高了顾客的满意度。在供应链管理体系下，企业能够迅速把握顾客的现有和潜在（一般和特殊） 需求，使企业的供应活动能够根据市场需求而变化。 这样企业能比竞争对手更快、 更经济地将商品或服务供应给顾客， 极大地提高了 服务质量和顾客满意度

10、。（4）物流服务方式的多样化。随着现代信息技术和物流技术的不断发展， 物流服务方式日益表现出灵活多样的特点。 为了适应国际化经营的要求， 出现了 发生在不同国家间的国际物流、 专门从事物流服务的第三方物流企业及进行联合 库存管理的分销中心等等。3、供应链管理体系下物流管理的功能（1）库存管理。通过库存管理缩短订货 运输 支付的周期，加速库存周 转，减少及消除缺货事件的发生，有利于整个供应链的协调和运转。（2）订购管理。订购是给供应商发出订单的过程，主要包括供应商管理、 订购合同管理及订购单管理。 通过供应链管理， 企业可利用配销单据等对整个补 充网络制定计划， 并向供应链自动发出订货单， 通过

11、合同管理在供需双方建立长 期关系，通过检查订购数量将订购单送达供应商并对已接收货物进行支付。（3）配销管理。对进入分销中心的物资，其管理过程主要有以下几个方面： 配销需求管理、实物库存管理、运输车队管理、劳动管理等。（4）仓库管理。仓库管理除了入库货物的接运、验收、编码、保管及出库 货物的分拣、发货、配送等一般业务外， 还包括代办购销、 委托运输、流通加工、 库存控制等业务。4、如何协调供应链管理和物流的关系物流是供应链的重要组成部分， 并贯穿于整个供应链， 连接供应链中的各个 环节，成为企业合作的纽带。 在制定供应链物流战略的过程中， 一般需要注意以 下问题： 要对客户进行细分， 对不同类型

12、的客户确定相应的客户服务水平， 如订 货周期、运输方式库存水平等； 要根据销售情况对产品进行分组， 针对每一类别 的产品可以采取不同的策略。 定单录入、 定单执行及交货作业处理占物流活动很 大比例，因而需要通过技术和管理使整个供应链的物流流程更有效率， 特别是对 于成员企业间的接口部位， 通过集成能剔除多余工作流， 提高物流效益。 各个成 员企业应通过改善合作关系、 使用现代管理手段和技术来实现准确预测、 信息共 享，从而减少不确定性因素带来的负面影响。供应链与物流有着密切联系，在现阶段如何协调物流与供应链的相互关系， 已经成为管理方向的一个重要研究课题。只有协调好物流和供应链的相互关系， 才

13、能使企业更有条理、 更有针对性地进行配置、 调控， 应用更加适应企业发展的 管理模式，使企业获得更大的效益。三、总结供应链管理在物流中的应用已经得到了广泛认同， 如沃尔玛公司的销售配送 系统计划、台湾雀巢与家乐福的 VMI 计划等，这些供应链管理环境下的物流更 加具有实效性和成效性。 企业通过供应链管理环境下的物流来建立新的企业管理 模式，克服了传统物流的缺陷，更适应企业发展，更能为企业降低成本、创造利 润。【英语原文】On The Supply-Cha in Man ageme nt System Of Logistics Man ageme nt【Abstract 】 supply cha

14、in management is an effective management methods, and logistics man ageme nt supply cha in man ageme nt is an importa nt comp onent of the. Logistics is to achieve the commercial value, so that material entities to reach consumers from the producers of physical activities. Supply chain management sy

15、stem of logistics managementis a uniform planning, logistics system, it has the characteristics of supply cha in man ageme nt, to dem on strate the adva ntages of in tegrated and further brought agility logistics system more effectively to improve the operati on of the en terprise efficie ncy, en ab

16、li ng en terprises to create more reve nue possible. In this paper, on supply chain management and logistics management of the basic con cepts, an alysis of supply cha in man ageme nt system, logistics man ageme nt, and the corresp onding atte nti on to the issues described.20th century 80s, with th

17、e integration of logistics activities by the internal integration of logistics enterprises across the border towards the different bus in ess-to-bus in ess collaborati on, supply cha in man ageme nt (Supply Chain Man ageme nt, referred to as SCM) con cept came into being. Can truly un dersta nd and

18、first proposed the concept of supply chain management are also a number of rich experie nee and adva need logistics man ageme nt logistics man ageme nt level of the top world-class enterprise. These enterprises in the process of enterprise development strategies found that facing the increasingly fi

19、erce competition in the market, relying on an en terprise and the stre ngth of a product no Ion ger sufficie nt to take adva ntage, enterprisesmust be consistent with raw material suppliers, product distributors and third-party logistics services, such as to form a lasting and close alliance to buil

20、d an efficient, low-cost supply chain, we can easily face the competition in the market and achieve final victory.First,supply cha in man ageme nt and logistics man ageme nt.the con cept of logistics man ageme ntLogistics man ageme nt of the n arrow and broad poin ts. The n arrow sense refers to mat

21、erial logistics man ageme nt of the procureme nt, tran sportatio n, warehous ing and distribution activities, is a material flow between activities. A broad sense including the logistics man ageme nt of producti on materials in the process of tran sformatio n process, such a broad-based logistics ma

22、n ageme nt, supply cha in man ageme nt are ofte n con sidered of logistics man ageme nt. Logistics man ageme nt and supply cha in man ageme nt has a similar, but in the man ageme nt of the scope of man ageme nt, orga ni zati on of internal relati ons and a clear disti nctio n. From here we can see,

23、supply cha in man ageme nt from logistics man ageme nt, logistics, supply cha in man ageme nt is an importa nt aspect of man ageme nt, supply cha in man ageme nt depe nds largely on the effective ness of procureme nt, tran sportati on, warehous ing and distributi on operati ons and other aspects of

24、logistics man ageme nt and operati on of situati on. Therefore, the logistics man ageme nt of supply cha in man ageme nt is to play the overall effective ness of the prerequisite and foun dati on.supply chain and supply chain management conceptSupply cha in is orga ni zed around the core bus in esse

25、s, through the flow of in formatio n, I ogistics, capital flow con trols, from procureme nt of raw materials, in termediate products into final products, as well as from sales of n etwork products to con sumers will be suppliers, manu facturers, sub - and retailers sell un til the en d-users even as

26、 a function of the overall network chain structure.Supply cha in man ageme nt refers to people in un dersta nding and masteri ng the supply cha in and in ter-li nkages in here nt laws, based on the use of the man ageme nt of the pla nning, orga ni zati on, comma nd, coord in ati on, con trol and inc

27、en tive function, product ion and circulati on of products in all aspects of the process invo Ived in logistics, information flow, capital flow, the value of stream flow, as well as a reas on able bus in ess regulatio n to achieve the best comb in ati on for maximum efficie ncy and minimum cost to p

28、rovide customers with maximum value of the process.Supply cha in man ageme nt is the n eed to meet the level of service at the same time, in order to minimize system cost while the use of suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses and shops effectively comb ine into one, and the nu mber of the correct tim

29、e in the right distribution of goods to the correct location of a sets of methods. Supply cha in man ageme nt and the impact on the cost to meet customer n eeds in the course of the role of each party are take n into acco unt, from suppliers, manu facturers, warehouses, distributi on cen ters to ret

30、ailers, suppliers and eve n suppliers and customers customers, the aim is to improve efficie ncy and reduce costs. Supply cha in man ageme nt to bus in ess man ageme nt from a sin gle bus in ess area expa nded to the en tire supply cha in for effective man ageme nt and, through in formati on-shari n

31、g will be the possibility of missed sales opport un ities to a minimum, the en tire supply cha in to reduce inven tory, lower operati ng costs, shorte n delivery times, improve cash flow, cha nges in market dema nd to mini mize the risk.Second, un der the man ageme nt of supply cha in logistics man

32、ageme nt applicati on.supply cha in man ageme nt applicati ons in the logistics of the in evitability of Logistics system is a socialized system, constraining the development of a nu mber of factors: differe nt con sumer customers and the regi onal en vir onmen tal conditions, distribution links, lo

33、gistics costs, inventory control and so on. Applies to the logistics supply chain management is a kind of uniform planning, logistics systems, supply chain management with the features and advantages of in tegratio n. Supply Chain Man ageme nt Bus in ess Process Re-e ngin eeri ng the idea of mak ing

34、 rapid restructuri ng processes have greatly improved the ability to promote the logistics system agility, not to in crease the value by rem oving part of the supply cha in logistics system to further reduce operati on cost and provides a fine basic security.Supply cha in as a whole, cooperati on an

35、d coord in ati on of supply cha in management is an important feature. In this environment a seamless logistics system also needs to connect, and its overall coordination should be strengthened, such as transportation of goods to arrive on time, customer needs can be met in time. Procurement of good

36、s will not be hindered in the way of cooperation to stre ngthe n supply cha in, therefore, supply cha in logistics system is a high degree of coord in atio n of the supply cha in to en sure that the prerequisite for success. Major concerns of logistics management functions of the enterprise integrat

37、ion, and supply cha in man ageme nt is the supply cha in en terprises in all no des as a whole, emphasizing the integration between enterprises, concern about the lin kages betwee n en terprises. Logistics man ageme nt is the pla nning mecha ni sms, and supply cha in man ageme nt is a con sultative

38、mecha ni sm, is an ope n system, by coordinating the sharing of demand and inventory of information in order to reduce or eliminate the supply chainbetween the members of the buffer stock.The concept of supply chain management is not just a simple extension of the logistics. Major concerns of logist

39、ics management in the organization of flow of the optimization of supply chain management is only recognized the importa nee of internal in tegrati on is not eno ugh. Therefore, supply cha in logistics not only applies to the traditional logistics optimization systems, logistics systems more so to a

40、 higher level, so the logistics of the bran ched-cha in variable cha nge widely, so that supply cha in man ageme nt to play the best results.supply chain management system, the characteristics of logistics man ageme ntLogistics man ageme nt of supply cha in man ageme nt is an importa nt part of a di

41、stinctive feature is its holistic. Supply chain management in the process of information transmission is very important, the information transmission is carried out by in ter-e nterprise level, i nformatio n tran smissi on along the directi on of deviation will become larger level, information will

42、inevitably lead to some distortion,decreased utilizationof information.In addition, the generalen vir onment of the logistics man ageme nt con cept of the lack of overall pla nning, each cha in is concerned only about their own orga ni zatio nal resources (such as inven tory), there is little com mu

43、ni catio n betwee n each other and co-operati on. Stock on the one hand, this ofte n resulted in in creased dema nd on the other hand, whe n the market can not meetaga in, and the high costs of inven tory, bus in ess-to-bus in ess logistics system because of poor market opportunities missed. In supp

44、ly chain management system, the link betwee n the strategic and cooperative relati ons with the in terests of con siste ncy, the parties to the excha nge of in formatio n from the con stra ints of time and space, in crease the flow of in formati on, means of in formatio n tran smissi on n etwork, wh

45、ich the parties in creased the degree of in formatio n sharing, to avoid distortion of information. In addition, supply chain management system, logistics man ageme nt have the followi ng characteristics.(1) To improve the logistics systems rapid response capability. Supply chain man ageme nt to Int

46、ernet as a tech ni cal support, its members and bus in esses can receive timely processing of information, by eliminating non-value added procedures and time to further reduce supply cha in costs of the logistics system, in order to achieve its agility, precision and provide a basis for the operatio

47、n ofprotect ion.(2) To promote the seamless logistics system. Is to enable seamless supply chain was a prerequisite for co-operation, there is no seamless logistics system, customer dema nd can not be timely met, the procureme nt of goods and so on caused by the middle of blocked tan gible costs and

48、 intan gible costs will in creasein the supply of greatly reduced the value cha in.(3) lmproved customer satisfaction. In supply chain management system, enterprises can quickly grasp the current and potential customers (the general and special) n eeds of the supply bus in ess activities cha nge acc

49、ord ing to market dema nd. Such en terprises to more quickly tha n competitors, more econo mical to supply goods or services to customers, which greatly improved the quality of service and customer satisfacti on.(4) The diversification of logistics services. With modern information tech no logy and

50、the con ti nu ous developme nt of logistics tech no logy, logistics services is in creas in gly being dem on strated by the characteristics of flexible and diverse. In order to adapt to the requirements of international operations, there has been occurred in the different countries, international lo

51、gistics, logistics services, specializing in third-party logistics companies and a joint inventory man ageme nt and so the distributi on cen ter.supply cha in man ageme nt system, the fun cti ons of logistics man ageme nt(1) inven tory man ageme nt. Order to shorte n the adopti on of inven toryman a

52、geme nt - Tran sport - to pay cycle, accelerate inven tory turno ver, reduce and elimi nate out-of-stock eve nts, the whole supply cha in coord in ati on and operati on.(2) order man ageme nt. Order is issued orders to the suppliers process, in clud ing supplier man ageme nt, order man ageme nt and

53、order man ageme ntcon tract. Through the supply cha in man ageme nt, bus in esses can use docume nts such as distributi on n etworks throughout the pla n to add to the supply cha in orders automatically, through con tract man ageme nt in both Ion g-term relatio nship of supply and dema nd, order by

54、check ing the nu mber of purchase orders and service providers have to pay to receive the goods.(3) Distribution Management. Access to the material distribution center, the man ageme nt process in the follow ing areas: dema nd man ageme nt and distributi on, physical inven tory man ageme nt, tran sp

55、ortati on fleet man ageme nt, labor man ageme nt.(4) warehouse man ageme nt. Warehouse man ageme nt in additi on to storage of tran sported goods, in spect ion, codi ng, storage and sort ing out the library of goods, shipp ing, distributi on and other gen eral bus in ess, also in cludes the purchase

56、 and sale age ncy, commissi oned by the tran sport, distributi on process ing, inven tory con trol services.how to coord in ate supply cha in man ageme nt and logistics of the relati on ship betwee nSupply cha in logistics is an importa nt comp onent of, and throughout the supply cha in, supply cha in to connect all aspects of en terprise cooperati on. In the developme nt of the logistics supply cha in strategy, the gen eral n eed to pay atte nti on to the followi ng issues: broke n dow n to the customers of differe nt types of customers to det