国际经济学中英名词解释

1、学习好资料欢迎下载国际经济学中英名词解释Absolute advantage : The greater efficiency that one nation may have over ano ther in the product ion of a commodity. This was the basis for trade for Adam Smith.绝对优势：一国在生产一种产品上比另一国家有更大的有效性。这是亚当斯密自由贸易理论的基础。Absolutepurchasing-powerparity theory : Postulates that theequilibrium exc

2、hange rate is equal to the ratio of the price levels in the two nations. This version of the PPP theory can be very misleading.绝对购买力平价理论：假设平衡汇率等于两国的价格水平之比，这一购买力平价理论的解释是不被接受的。Ad valorem tariff : A tariff expressed as a fixed perce ntage of the value of a traded commodity.从价税：一种表示为贸易商品价值的一个固定百分比的税。Arb

3、itrage:The purchase of a curre ncy in the mon etary cen ter whereit is cheaper for immediate resale in the mon etary cen ter where it is more expe nsive in order to make a profit.套利：在某货币较便宜的货币中心购买该货币，立即在另一较贵的货币中心卖掉此货币以谋利的行为。Bala nee of payme nts: A summary stateme nt of all the intern ati onaltran s

4、acti ons of thereside nts of a n ati on with the rest of the worldduri ng a particular period of time, usually a year.国际收支平衡表：在一段特定的时间内，通常为一年，一国居民同世界上其他国 家间进行的所有国际交易的汇总表。Capitalaccount: The change in U.S. assets abroad and foreignassets in the United States, other than official reserve assets.资本项目：美

5、国在国外资产，外国在美国资产，或其他官方储备资产的变化。Capitalin flow : An in crease of foreig n assets in the n ati on or areduction in the nation s assets abroad.资本流入：外国资产在本国的增加或本国资产在外国的减少。Capital-intensivecommodity : The commodity with the highercapital-labor ratio at all relative factor prices.资本密集型商品：在所有相对要素价格下均具有较高的资本/劳

6、动比率的商品。Capital outflow : A decrease offoreign assets in the nation or anin creases the n atio n s assets abroad.学习好资料欢迎下载资本流出：在国内的国外资产的减少或在外国的国内资产的增加。Commu nity in differe nee curve: The curve that shows the variouscomb in ati ons of two commodities yieldi ng equal satisfacti onto thecom mun ity or

7、n ati on. Commun ity in differe nee curves are n egatively sloped, convex from the orig in, and should not across.同一无差异曲线：曲线表示对群体或国家产生相同的满足程度的两种商品的不同 组合，它是负斜率，凸向原点，且不相交。Compo undtariff: A comb in ati on of an ad valorem and a specifictariff.复合税：从价税和另一种具体关税的组合。Con sta nt retur ns to scale: The con di

8、ti on un der which output growsin the same proporti on as factor in puts.不变的规模报酬：产出与要素投入同比例增长的情况。Consumer surplus : The differeneebetween what consumersarewilling to pay for a specific amount of a commodity and what they actually pay for it.消费者剩余：对某一具体数量的商品，消费者愿意支付的价格与实际支付的价格 的差异。Curre ncy swaps:A s

9、pot sale of a curre ncy comb ined with a forwardrepurchase of the same curre ncy.货币互换：即期卖货币，同时远期买同样的货币。Curre nt acco unt:The acco unt that in cludes all sales and purchasesof curre ntlyproduced goods and services,in comeon foreig nin vestme nts, and un ilateral tran sfers.经常项目：包括所有购买和出售现已生产出的产品与劳务，

10、外国投资的收入和单 方面转移支付。Credit tran sacti ons:Tran sact ions that invo Ive the receipt ofpayments from foreigners. These include the export of goods and services, un ilateral tran sfers from foreig ners, and capital in flow.贷方交易：包括从外国人那里收款的所有交易，如出口商品和劳务，外国人的单方面转移支付和资本流入。Debittran sact ions:Tran sact ionsth

11、at invo Ivepayme ntstoforeig ners. These in clude the import of goods and services, un ilateral tran sfers to foreig ners, and capital outflows.借方交易：包括所有向国外支付的交易，例如，进口国外商品与劳务，向国外方 面转移支付和资本外流。Deficit in the balanee of payments:The excess of debits overcredits in thecurre ntand capitalacco un ts,or au

12、t onom ous学习好资料欢迎下载transactions,equal to the net credit balanee in the official reserveacco unt, or accommodat ing tran sacti ons.学习好资料欢迎下载:The relativeits welfare intangent to the at the autarky国际收支逆差：在资本和往来账户中，或自由性交易中，借方超过贷方的部分， 等于在官方储备账户或融通性交易的净贷方余额。Dumpi ng:The export of a commodity at below cos

13、t or at a lowerprice tha n sold domestically.倾销：以低于国内商品价格或低于成本的价格出口某产品。Effective excha nge rate: A weighted average of the excha nge ratesbetween thedomestic currency and the nation s most important tradepartners, with weights given by the relative importance of the nationtrade with each of these tr

14、ade part ners.有效汇率：国内货币与本国重要贸易伙伴国货币汇率的加权平均值。根据该家贸易伙伴的相对重要性赋予适当权重。Equilibrium relative commodity price in isolati oncommodity price at which a nationis maximizing isolatio n. It is give n by the slope of the com mon nation production frontier and indifference curve point of product ion and con sumpti

15、 on.孤立状况下的相对平衡商品价格：一国在孤立状态下使自身财富最大化时的相对 商品价格。它由自给自足的生产和消费点处，国家生产可能性曲线和无差异曲线 交点的斜率来决定。Equilibrium-relative commodity price with trade: The com monrelative commodity price in two nations at which trade is balaneed.贸易条件下商品的相对平衡价格：两国在贸易平衡条件下的相对商品价格。Excha nge rate: The domestic curre ncy price of the for

16、eig n curre ncy.汇率：外国货币的国内价格。Factor abundance : The factor of product ion available in greater proportion and at a lower relative price in one nation than in another n ati on.要素丰裕度：可利用的生产要素，其在很大程度上比另一国有相对低的价格。Foreig nexcha ngefutures :A forwardcon tractfor sta ndardizedcurre ncy amounts and selected

17、 cale ndar dates traded on an orga ni zed market.外汇期货：一个在有组织的外汇市场上以选定的日期、 标准的数量交易的外汇远 期合同。Foreig n excha nge opti ons: A con tract specify ing the right to buy orsell a sta ndard amount of a traded curre ncy at or before a stated date.外汇期权：详细标明在某一指定日期或之前有权而不是有义务买或卖标准数额的 交易货币的合同。Foreig n excha nge ri

18、sk:The risk result ing from cha nges in excha nge rates over time and faced by anyone who expects to make or to receive a payme nt in a foreig n curre ncy at a future date, also called an ope n positi on.学习好资料欢迎下载外汇风险：由于汇率随时间变动，使那些在未来要以外币支付或收到外币的人面 对的风险，也称为头寸。Forward disco unt:The perce ntage per ye

19、ar by which the forwardrate on the foreign currency is below its spot rate.远期贴水：外币远期汇率低于其即期汇率的年百分比。Forward premium:The perce ntage per year by which the forwardrate on the foreig n curre ncy is above its spot rate.远期升水：外币远期汇率高于其即期汇率的年百分比。Forward rate:The excha nge rate in foreig n excha nge tran sac

20、ti onsinvolving delivery of the foreig n excha nge one, three, or six mon ths after the con tract is agreed markets.远期汇率：外汇交易过程中按合同规定1个月、3个月或6个月后交割货币的汇率。Gen eral equilibrium an alysis: The study of the in terdepe ndence that exists among all markets in the economy.一般均衡分析：研究存在于经济中各市场之间的内部依存关系。Gen era

21、l equilibrium model:An econo mic model that studies thebehavior of all producers, and traders simulta neously.一般均衡模型：一个同时研究所有生产者、消费者和贸易商行为的经济模型。Heckscher-Ohli n(H-O) theorem:The part of the Heckscher-Ohli ntheory that postulates that a nationwill export the commodityin ten sive in its relatively abu

22、ndant and cheap factor and import the commodity inten sive in its relatively scarce and expe nsive factor.赫-俄原理：赫-俄理论假定一国将出口本国相对充足且便宜要素密集的产品，进口本国相对缺乏和昂贵要素密集的产品。Hedg ing: The avoida nee of a foreig n excha nge risk (or the coveri ng of an ope n positi on).套期保值：避免外汇汇率风险(或轧平头寸)。Infant-industryargument:

23、 The argumentthat temporary tradeprotect ion is n eeded to set up an in dustry and to protect it duri ng its infancy aga inst competiti on from more established and efficie nt foreign firms.幼稚工业保护税：在某行业的发展初期，为抵制成熟而有效的外国公司的竞争而 必须采取的暂时的贸易保护。Labor- inten sivecommodity:The commodity with the higher labo

24、r-capital ratio (L/K) at all relative factor prices.劳动密集型产品：在所有相对要素价格条件下有较高的劳力/资本比率的商品学习好资料欢迎下载The amount of oneLaw of comparative adva ntage:Expla ins how mutually ben eficialtrade can take place eve n whe n one n atio n is less efficie nt tha n, or has an absolute disadvantagewith respect to, anot

25、her nation in theproduct ion of all commodities. The less efficie ntn ati on shouldspecialize in and exportthe commodityin which its absolutedisadvantageis smaller (this is the commodity of its comparativeadva ntage), and should import the other commodity.比较优势原理：该原理解释互利贸易如何发生，尽管一国在生产所有产品上都不 如它国有效或比它

26、国来说有绝对劣势。该国应生产并出口其绝对劣势较小的产品(这种产品具有比较优势)，进口其他产品。Law of one price:The propositi onthat in the abse nee oftran sportati on costs, tariffs, and other obstructi ons to the free flow of trade, the price of each homoge neous (ide ntical) traded commodity will be equalized in all markets by commodity arbitr

27、age.一价法则：在运输成本、关税和其他有碍贸易自由流动的障碍都不存在的条件下， 在所有市场上，由于商品套利会使所有同种商品的价格相等。Margi nal rate of substituti on,MRS: The amount of one commoditythat a n ati on could give up in excha nge for one extra un it of a sec ond commodity and still remain on the same indifference curve. It is given by the slope of the c

28、ommunity indifference curve at the point of con sumptio n and decli nes as the n ati on con sumes more of the sec ond commodity.边际替代率：在同一无差异曲线上，一国为需求一单位第二种商品而必须放弃的 第一种产品的数量。它由无差异曲线上第二种产品消费增加时该消费点的斜率决Margi nal rate of tran sformatio n,MRT: commodity that a n atio n must give up to produce each additi

29、 onal un it of ano ther commodity. This is ano ther n ame for the opport unity cost of a commodity and is give n by the slope of the product ion fron tier atthe point of product ion.边际转换率：一国要多生产一件某产品而必须放弃的另一种产品的数量。这是商品的机会成本的另一个名字，由生产点上生产可能性曲线的斜率给出Offer curve:A curve that shows how much of its import

30、 commoditya n ati on dema nds to be willi ng to supply various amounts of its exportcommodity, or the willingness of the nation to import and export at various relative commodity prices.提供曲线：表示一国需要的进口商品中有多少愿意提供于出口，或在各种相对商品价格下，一国愿意进口和出口的程度。Opport unity cost theory:The theory that the cost of a commod

31、ity isthe amount of a sec ond commodity that must be give n up to release学习好资料欢迎下载just eno ugh resources to produce one moreun itof the firstcommodity.机会成本理论：该理论指出某商品的成本等于要多生产1单位的该产品而必须放弃的资源可生产第二种产品的数量。Persiste nt dump ing: The con ti nu oustendency of a domesticmonopolist to maximize total profits

32、by selling the commodity at a lower price abroad than domestically, also called international price discrim in ati on.持久性倾销：国内垄断者为其利润最大化，而以低于国内价格的低价在国外销售 商品的持久性倾向，也叫做国家价格歧视。44、Predatory dumping: The temporary sale of commodity at a lower price abroad in order to drive foreig n producers out of bus i

33、n ess, after which prices are raised to take advantageof the newly acquiredmon opoly power abroad.掠夺性倾销：暂时以低价在国外销售以挤垮外国生产者，然后可以提价，禾U用新获得的国外的垄断优势获取利益。Product cycle model: The hypothesis,advaneed by Vernon, thatnew products in troduced by in dustrialn ati ons and produced withskilled labor eve ntually

34、 become sta ndardized and can be produced in other n atio ns with less skilled labor.产品周期模型：该模型由费农首创，指出新产品首先由发达国家引入，用技能较 高的工人生产，最终标准化后可以在其他国家用技能较低的劳动力生产出来。Production possibilityfrontier:A curve showingthe variousalter nativecomb in ati onsof two commodities that a n ati oncanproduce by fully utiliz

35、ing all of its resources with the best tech no logy available to it.生产可能性边界：表示一国完全使用其所有资源，并利用最优技术，而可能生产 两种商品各种最大的不同组合的曲线。Purchas in g-powerparity(PPP)theory :Thetheorythatpostulates thatthe cha nge inthe excha ngeratebetwee ntwocurrencies is proportional to the change in the ratio in the two countries general price levels.购买力平价理论：该理论认为两种货币汇率的变化部分原因是两国一般价格水平 比的变化。Quota: A direct qua ntitative restrictio n on trade.配额：对贸易的直接数量限制。Rate of effective protectio n:The tariff calculated on the domesticvalue added in the product io