英语倒装句子语法精讲

1、 Clause elements:nSubjectnPredict verbnObjectnComplementnAdverbial Compare the following sentences:nShe visited an elderly and much beloved friend yesterday. nShe visited yesterday an elderly and much beloved friend. nYesterday she visited an elderly and much beloved friend. nAn elderly and much bel

2、oved friend she visited yesterday. (fronting) (postponement)(postponement)Here is another example:nA drunken young man is sitting in front of the counter. nSitting in front of the counter is a drunken young man. Lecture 39: 后置后置 ( Postponement )n定义定义n后置后置是一种表示强调的语法手段，也就是把一个非句尾成分移至句尾。n旧信息旧信息(Old Info

3、rmation)和新信息和新信息(New Information) ，句尾焦句尾焦点点 (End Focus) 和和句尾重心句尾重心 (End Weight) :n一个句子所传递的信息通常由两部分构成 ：旧信息/已知信息(Given/Known Information)+新信息。n前者前者是指说话人认为或者假定对方已经了解的信息，这是信息传递的出发点，通常由句子的主语主语表示。n后者后者是信息传递的重点，通常由句子的谓语谓语表示，而新信息中最关键的部分又通常出现在句尾句尾，即信息焦点信息焦点(Information Focus)，又叫句尾焦点句尾焦点(End Focus) 。n主语作为句子信息

4、传递的出发点，在结构上通常比较简短，而谓语作为信息传递的着重点，通常较长，较复杂，这种句构特征叫做“句尾重心句尾重心” (End Weight) 。n根据“句尾重心” 原则，在造句时要注意句子结构匀称，避免头重脚轻的现象。nThat the president will visit Korea has been reported by CCTV.nIt has been reported that the president will visit ROK.nHe rests.nHe has / takes a rest.n关键词语的后置关键词语的后置n由于“句尾焦点句尾焦点”和“句尾重心句尾重

5、心”的关系，在组词成句时往往将说话人认为最重要的内容置于句尾，使其处于突出的地位，这种语法手段叫做“后置后置”。例如：nHe give me a book.nHe give a book to me.n前者的侧重点在a book, 适合于回答What did he give you?后者侧重在me，适合于回答Who did he give the book to?n更多例句参看教材第673-674页。n定义定义n把在正常词序中通常较晚出现的成分移至句首，使之处于突出的位置，从而受到特殊强调，这种语法手段叫做前置前置。使用前置手段表示强调表示强调，有时不必改变词序，有时则引起倒装。n谓语动词放在

6、主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装倒装。从倒装的形式来看，可分为全部倒装(full inversion)和部分倒装(partial inversion)两种。前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前，而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be 动词等置于主语之前。 Lecture 39: 前置前置 (Fronting) 与倒装与倒装 (Inversion)全部倒装的表现形式大体有下列几种： 1. There be结构。另外,在此结构中可以用来代替be动词的动词有:exist, seem, happen, appear, live, rise, stand等。如:There stood a dog before him

7、.There exist different opinions on this question.巩固练习巩固练习:1) _ a beautiful palace _ the foot of the hill.A. There stand; at B. There stands; underC. Stands there; underD. There stands; at 2 (1)在以here、there、now、then等副词开头的句子里。 “Here, There, Now, Then + come (或be, go, lie, run) + 主语 结构。如: Here is a tic

8、ket for you. There comes the bus.Now comes your turn.如果主语是人称代词,就不用倒装。如:Here you are.There she comes. (2) 句首为表示方位的副词out, in, up, down等, 谓语动词为 go, come等表示位置转移的动词时, 要用全部倒 装。如果主语是人称代词,就不用倒装。如:In came Mr. White. Up went the arrow into the air. Away went the boy. 巩固练习巩固练习: 2) There _. And here _. A. goes

9、the phone; she comes B. is the phone going; is she C. does the phone go; does she come D. the phone goes; come she 3) Out _, with a stick in his hand. A. did he rushB. rushed he C. he rushedD. he did rush4) _ from the top of the building when the policeman pointed the gun at him. A. Jumped down the

10、robber B. Jumped the robber down C. Down jumped the robber D. Down the robber jumped (3) 当表示地点的介词词组 (如如: on the wall, under the tree, in front of the house, in the middle of the room等等) 在句首时。如: At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake. The soldiers ran to the building, on the top of which flew

11、a flag. East of the lake lie two towns. Under the tree was lying a wounded soldier. 巩固练习巩固练习: 5) Near the church _ cottage. A. was such an oldB. had a so old C. was such old aD. is so an old 3. “分词分词 (代词代词) + be + 主语主语 结构。如。如:Walking at the head of the line was our teacher.Such was the story he told

12、 me.巩固练习巩固练习: 6) _, a man of achievements, deep thoughts, but with simple habits. A. Einstein was such B. Such was Einstein C. Einstein was so D. So was Einstein7) _ are the days when teachers were looked down upon. A. Gone B. Go C. To go D. Going倒装的表现形式大体有下列几种：n1在疑问句中在疑问句中 nHow are you getting alon

13、g with your work? nIs this report written in detail? n注：如疑问词作主语或者作定语修饰主语时，不注：如疑问词作主语或者作定语修饰主语时，不发生倒装。发生倒装。如：nWho should be responsible for the increasingly serious environmental pollution?nWhat is your name?nWhich room belongs to you?n2. 句首状语为否定词或半否定词的句子。句首状语为否定词或半否定词的句子。 这类词或短语主要有never, neither, no

14、r, not, no, little, few, seldom, rarely, hardly, scarcely（几乎不，简直没有）（几乎不，简直没有）, no sooner, in no way（决不）（决不）, at no time, nowhere等, 如:nNot a word did I say to him.Never have I found him so happy.Little does he care about what I said.I cant swim. Neither can he.No sooner had he gone to bed than he fel

15、l asleep.巩固练习巩固练习:1) Hardly _ the airport when the plane took off.A. I had arrived atB. had I arrivedC. had I reachedD. I had got to2) Have you ever seen anything like that before?No, _ anything like that before.A. I never have seen B. never I have seenC. never have I seen D. I have seen3) She is no

16、t fond of cooking, _ I.A. so amB. nor amC. neitherD. nor don 3. only + 状语放在句首状语放在句首,要部分倒装。如要部分倒装。如: Only by this means is it possible to explain it. (介词短语介词短语)Only then did I realize the importance of math. (副词副词)Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work. (从句从句)巩固练习巩

17、固练习: 4) Only in this way _ make progress in your English. A. you B. can you C. you be able to D. will you able to 5) Only when the meeting was over _ go back to meet his friend. A. he could B. he was able to C. was he able to D. was able to he 4. so或或so引导的短语放在句首引导的短语放在句首,要部分倒装。如要部分倒装。如: I saw the fi

18、lm, so did she.So small was the mark that I could hardly see it. So much does he worry about his financial position that he cant fall asleep at night. 注：在该结构中注：在该结构中, “so +形容词形容词”是表语的前置是表语的前置; “so +副词副词”是状语的前置。是状语的前置。 6) The doctor told Charlie to breathe deeply and _. A. so did Charlie B. Charlie d

19、id so C. Charlie does so D. did Charlie so7) So loudly _ that _ hear her clearly. A. did she speak; could everyone B. did she speak; everyone could C. she spoke; could everyone D. she spoke; everyone could5. Not only + 分句分句, but also + 分句分句句型中的前一分句要部句型中的前一分句要部分倒装。如分倒装。如: Not only does John love Chin

20、ese, he is also good at speaking it. 但not only.but also.连接主语时,不倒装。如:Not only the mother but also the children are sick.8) _ himself wrong, but his friends were wrong. A. Not was only he B. Not only he C. Not only was he D. Not only was6. Not until放在句首放在句首,从句不倒装从句不倒装,主句倒装。如主句倒装。如: Not until last week

21、 did they find the lost bike. (简单句简单句)Not until my son had entered the university did he realize the importance of time. (复合句复合句)9) Not until the early years of the 19th century _know what heat is. A. man did B. man C. didnt man D. did man10) Not until I began to work _ realize how much time I had w

22、asted. A. didnt I B. did I C. I didnt D. I7. 在以在以often, well, many a time, now and again 等方式或等方式或 频度副词频度副词(短语短语)开头的句子中开头的句子中,要用部分倒装结构。如要用部分倒装结构。如:Many a time has John given me good advice.Often have we made that test.12) Many a time _ swimming alone. A. the boy went B. went the boy C. did the boy go

23、 D. did go the boy8在强调表语时在强调表语时 nWorst of all were the humiliations. nSuch is the case. 9在强调宾语时在强调宾语时 nStill greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction. nUseful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid. 10. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子里用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。nMay you succeed! nLong live th

24、e Peoples Republic of China! 11. 在省略在省略 if 的虚拟语气条件状语从句中的虚拟语气条件状语从句中。这类句子中有were, had, should等词时，把were, had或should置于句首。n Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world.n Had you been more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided. 12. 在直接引语之后在直接引语之后 n在叙事性书面语中，直接引语后常跟aske

25、d Mary, answered John, said the old lady, grunted Peter之类的词语。在这些词语中，动词常在主语之前，主语是代词时，主语是代词时，不用倒装不用倒装。例如： n“What do you mean?” asked Henry. n“What do you mean?” he asked. 13. 在在 as 引导的让步状语从句中引导的让步状语从句中 n在as, though引导的让步状语从句中，一般将形容词、副词或名词等置于句首。例如： nSmall as the atom is, we can smash it. nBig as the wor

26、k-piece is, it is turned out to be finished. n前置nthe morethe morenThe more books one reads, the more knowledge he has.Exercise for Inversionn1. -“ Look ! Here _.” -“Oh, thank God . Here_.” A. the teacher comes ; he comes B. comes the teacher ; comes he C. does the teacher come ; does he come D. come

27、s the teacher ; he comesn2. We waited and waited. _ we had been looking forward to. A. Then came the moment B. Then did the moment come C. The moment then came D. Then was coming the momentn3. _can you expect to get a pay rise. AWith hard work BAlthough work hard COnly with hard work DNow that he wo

28、rks hardDACn4. Only after _ to go to school. A. New China was founded ; he was able B. was New China founded ; was he able C. New China came into being ; was he able D. New China founded ;he was able n5. Little _ about his own safety, though he was in great danger himself. A. does he care B. did he care C. he cares D. he cared n6. Not until all the