conversationanalysis实用PPT学习教案

1、会计学1conversationanalysis实用实用 What is conversation? A way of using language socially, of doing things with words. A interaction of two or more participants. Number of participants and length of contribution to the conversation can vary. Open-ended, has the potential to developed in any way. planned f

2、or occasions for speaking, such as meetings or debates.第1页/共26页What is conversation analysis? CA is the study of recorded, naturally occurring talk-in-interaction. Its object of the study is the interactional organization of social activities. CA aims at discovering how participants understand and r

3、espond to one another in their turns at talk, with a central focus on how sequences of actions are generated.It is an empirical approach which avoids premature theory construction. methods are inductive, search for recurring patterns.第2页/共26页Origin of the conversation analysisInspired by ethnomethod

4、ology(人类方法学）, CA was developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Representatives（famous American scholars） ： Harvey Sacks, Emmanuel Schegolff Gail JeffersonFundamental essay ：A simplest systematic for the organization of turn-taking for conversation.第3页/共26页Today CA is an established method used in

5、 sociology, anthropology, linguistics, speech-communication and psychology. It is particularly influential in interactional sociolinguistics, discourse analysis and discursive psychology, as well as being a coherent discipline in its own right.第4页/共26页 Basic notions： Turn：basic unit of conversation

6、it may contain many illocutions, it is everything that a speaker communicates during a unit of conversation.第5页/共26页Turn-taking: basic form organization for conversation.speakers change occursmostly, one speaker talks at a timecurrent speaker may select another speaker or parties, or may self-select

7、 in starting to talktransition from one turn to the next without gap or overlap turn order and size not fixedrepair mechanisms: deal with turn-taking errors and violations第6页/共26页Transition relevance places(TRP)Transition: a relay of the right to speak to the next speaker Mechanisms of selection (se

8、lf- or other-) TRP can be exploited by the speaker holding the floorDirectly, for the purpose of allocating the right to speaker to a next speaker of his/her choiceIndirectly, by throwing the floor wide open to whoever第7页/共26页Adjacency pairs（相邻对子）紧挨在一起的话轮称作相邻对子。特点：必须是由两个言语行为组成的序列这两个行为由不同的发话人发出这两个行为通

9、常紧挨在一起，且排列顺序有规律，先出现的是相邻对子的第一部分，后出现的为第二部分两部分之间有固定的联系，第一部分出现预示着第二部分的出现第8页/共26页Complaint/denialE：Hey yuh took my chair by the way anI dont think that was very nice.N：I didnt take yer chair, its my chair.Complaint/rejectionA: Im glad I have you for a friend.B: Thats because you dont have any others.例子：第

10、9页/共26页Preference organization of adjacency pairs例子：A: What does John do for a living?B: a. Oh this and that. b. He doesnt. c. Ive no idea. d. Whats that got to do with you?第10页/共26页分类：合意等级（preferred organization）：指应答无标记的，很快的发出，结构上简单。不合意等级（dis-preferred organization）：有标记的，形势复杂。第11页/共26页Levinson 归纳了一

11、些标记性特征：（1）在说出不合意的应答前有延迟，如 发话前的停顿；使用各种开端语（见（2），通过补救引发语插入序列来造成错位。（2）使用各种开端语（preface），如“uh”、“well”之类的标记；象征性的同意、感谢或道歉；限制语；各种形式的犹豫踌躇，包括自我修正。（3）说明解释为什么合意的应答没有出现（4）拒绝的部分，在形式上可以与第一部分配对，但比较简洁委婉。第12页/共26页请求前序列位置1：A请求前话语位置2：B肯定回答位置3：A发出请求位置4：B答应或拒绝请求Mary: Hi, Lily, What are you going to do?Lily: Not much.Mary:

12、 you wanna drink?Lily: Okay.第13页/共26页Insertion sequences (pre-sequences)Example:A: can I have a bottle of Mich? Q1B: Are you over twenty one? Ins1A: No. Isn2B: No. A1第14页/共26页repair mechanism（补救机制）四种基本补救类型：自我引发的自我补救，指发出补救对象的人引发和实施的补救；例子：啊我感觉到虽然呢班主任的工作很琐碎的，但是 也有很多#其中也有很多乐趣。他人引发的自我补救，指发出补救对象的人在听话人要求下进

13、行的补救。例子： A： 两个烧卖，一个花卷。 B：几个烧卖？ A：两个。 B：恩。（把烧卖和花卷递给A）第15页/共26页自我引发他人补救，指发出补救对象的人自己要求但由他人完成的补救。例子：B：He had dis uh Mistuh W-m whatever k-I cant think of his first name, Watts on, the one that Wrote that pieceA： Dan Watts. 他人引发的他人补救，指发现补救对象的听话人自己要求并由他本人完成的补救。Milly：and then they said something about Krus

14、chev has Leukemia so I thought oh its all a big put on.Jean: BreshnevMilly: Breshnev has leukemia. So I dont know what to think.第16页/共26页Discourse analysis and conversation analysis Discourse analysis: is the study of (1)How sentences in spoken and written language form larger meaningful units, such

15、 as paragraphs, conversations, interviews, etc.(2)How the choice of articles, pronouns, and tenses affect the structures of discourse.(3)The relationship between utterances in a discourse.(4)The moves made by speakers to introduce a new topic, change the topic, or insert higher role relationship to

16、the other participants.第17页/共26页Similarities:Concerned with giving an account of how coherence and sequential organization in discourse is produced and understand.CA is closely connected With DA because sometimes analysis of spoken discourse is called conversation analysis.第18页/共26页Differences:CA em

17、phasizes on the interactional and inferential consequences of the choice between alternative utterances and on what can actually be found to occur, not on what one would guess to be acceptable.DA could be an analysis of any text, so it would include written texts, lectures, etc.第19页/共26页会话分析的应用机构性谈话：如医患关系交谈，采访、电视录制、现场直播节目、法庭辩论等。从词语选择，话轮设计，总体结构及社会关系和认识论方面进行分析。第20页/共26页电话谈话：Kang Kwong Luke把目前电话谈话划分为三种不同的研究路向：社会学研究路向：（解释电话背后的社会秩序）方法论研究路向：（涉及不同语言和文化背景的交际者是如何利用电话实现其特定的交际目的）跨文化研究路向 第21页/共26页二语习得通过收集和分析英语课堂学生小组对话语料来探究话语共建现象。也有部分学者利用会话分析的原理对汉语语料进行分析