有机化学3有机化合物的构造构型和构象ppt课件

1、同分异构构造异构 立体异构碳链（骨架）异构官能团位置异构官能团异构互变异构构象异构构型异构顺反异构光学异构CH3CH2CH2CH3CH3CHCH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CHOCHOCH3CH2CH2CH3CH3CHCH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CHOCHOCH3CH2CH2CH3CH3CHCH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CHOCHOCH3CH3CH3CH3BrCOOHBrCOOHOOCH3CH3CH3CH3BrCOOHBrCOOHOOCH3CH3CH3CH3BrCOOHBrCOOHOOCH3OCH3CH3CH2OHCH3CH2CHO CH3COCH3CH3CH2COOHCH3COOCH3CH3

2、COCl ClCH2CHOCH3OCH3CH3CH2OHCH3CH2CHO CH3COCH3CH3CH2COOHCH3COOCH3CH3COCl ClCH2CHOCH3OCH3CH3CH2OHCH3CH2CHO CH3COCH3CH3CH2COOHCH3COOCH3CH3COCl ClCH2CHOCH3OCH3CH3CH2OHCH3CH2CHO CH3COCH3CH3CH2COOHCH3COOCH3CH3COCl ClCH2CHOCH3CCH2COOEtOCH3CCCOOEtOHHCH3CCH2CCH3OOCH3CCCOCH3OHH酮式烯醇式酮式烯醇式构型是指分子中各原子和基团在空间的相对位置

3、构型是指分子中各原子和基团在空间的相对位置是分子构造表达的一种表观景象，即分子的几何笼统是分子构造表达的一种表观景象，即分子的几何笼统CCAABBCCABBACCCCHCH3CH3HCH3CH3HHbp( )m p( )41-139-105CCCCHCH3CH3HCH3CH3HHbp( )m p( )41-139-105HCOOHHOOCHCCHClClHCClClHCH3COOHHOHHOHCOOHHFHClClHHFCH2CH2CH2CH2ClClNHHH C3CH3CH3C2CH3CH3HHHHC2COOHCOOHHOHHOHC2（无） （有） （无） （有）同分异构构造异构 立体异构碳

4、链（骨架）异构官能团位置异构官能团异构互变异构构象异构构型异构顺反异构光学异构CH3CH2CH2CH3CH3CHCH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CHOCHOCH3CH3CH3CH3BrCOOHBrCOOHOOCH3OCH3CH3CH2OHCH3CH2CHO CH3COCH3CH3CH2COOHCH3COOCH3CH3COCl ClCH2CHOCH3CCH2COOEtOCH3CCCOOEtOHHCH3CCH2CCH3OOCH3CCCOCH3OHH酮式烯醇式酮式烯醇式CH3CH3CH3CH3BrCOOHBrCOOHOOHCOOHHOOCHCCAABBCCABBACOHHOOCCH3HCCOOHCH3

5、OHHCCOOHHOCH3HCCOOHCH3HOH(S)- (S)- (R)- (R)-COHHOOCCH3HCCOOHCH3OHHCCOOHHOCH3HCCOOHCH3HOH(S)- (S)- (R)- (R)-化学性质：仅在手性环境下表现出差别化学性质：仅在手性环境下表现出差别 旋光性：对偏振光的作用不同旋光性：对偏振光的作用不同 CCOOHCH3OHHCCOOHCH3HOHS-(+)-乳酸R-(-)-乳酸CCOOHCH3OHHCCOOHCH3HOHS-(+)-乳酸R-(-)-乳酸HCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHCCOOHH3CHOHCCOO

6、HCH3HHOHOHCOOHCH3（前）（前）（后）（后）交叉点 手性碳（位于纸平面上）COHHOOCCH3HCCOOHCH3OHHCCOOHHOCH3HCCOOHCH3HOH(S)- (S)- (R)- (R)-基团大小顺序：OH COOH CH3 HCH3CHOCH2CH3HCH3CHOCH2CH3HCCH2CH3HOCH3H SRRCH3CHCOOHOH*CNH2COOHHCH3CHCOOHOH*CNH2COOHHCCOOHCH3OHHCCOOHCH3HOHS-(+)-乳酸R-(-)-乳酸 D20= +3.8o(D20= +3.8o(水水) ) D20= -D20= -3.8o(3.8o

7、(水水) )HOOC-CH-CH-COOH*OH ClC-2: -OH CHCOOH COOH HC-3: Cl COOH CHCOOH HClOHHOHClHCOOHCOOHCOOHHOHHClCOOHHOHHClCOOHCOOHHOHClHCOOHCOOH 2R3R 2S3S 2R3S 2S3R dl-dl-HOHClHCOOHCOOHCOOHHOHHClCOOHHOHHClCOOHCOOHHOHClHCOOHCOOH 2R3R 2S3S 2R3S 2S3R dl-dl-HOOC-CH-CH-COOHOH OH* 酒 石 酸 OH COOH CHCOOH HOH *C2 *C3 ：HOHH

8、OHCOOHCOOHHOHHOHCOOHCOOHHOHHOHCOOHCOOHHOHHOHCOOHCOOHHOHHOHCOOHCOOHHOHHOHCOOHCOOHHOHHOHCOOHCOOHHOHHOHCOOHCOOHCCOOHCH3OHHCCOOHCH3HOHS-(+)-乳酸R-(-)-乳酸CCOOHCH3OHHCCOOHCH3HOHS-(+)-乳酸R-(-)-乳酸HCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHCH3HCH3OHOHHHCH3HOHOHCH3HCH3HOHOHCH3(A)(B)(C)CH3CH3BrHOHHHBrHOHHH(6) CCHOCH3

9、HHCH3OHCCCH3OHHOHHCH3(7) CH3CH3NH2HOHHNH2HHH3COHH3C(8) HCH3CH3HCH3HHCH3(9) CH3CH3CH3CH3(10) ClClHHClHClH(5) CH3CHBrCH3HHCH3HHHHH Br BrClClClCH3CH3Cl CH3 CH3 CH3ClClClClHHHCHBr ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2R3R,2S , 3S2R ,3r, 4S2R , 3s ,4SA B C DCCCABABsp2spC=C=CClHClH（有手性）HHCH3ClHCOOHHHOOCNO2HOOCCOOHO2NO2NHOOCCO

10、OHNO2O2NHOOCClClOHOHN+C6H5 OH-CH3CH3CH2CH2C6H5P+C6H5CH2CH2CH3CH3 Br-CH2C6H5HCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHC O O HH O O CHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHC O O HH O O CHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCH(1) COOHCOOHBr(2) NO2COOHNO2HOOC(3) CH3CHCC(CH3)2(4) C6H5CHCCHC6H5(5) O(6) CH3CH3CHCH3(1) ClCl(2) CH3CH

11、CHCHCHCH3CH2(3) ClCl(4) CHOHOCH3CH3OCH3HCl(5)(6)(7)(8)薄荷醇CCH3CH3CCCCCH3CH3HHOHHOH （1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1

12、） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2

13、)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOH

14、HCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H542316CH2CH2142365231465231564123456654321531246612345CH2HRCH2234561234561HR423156CH2CH2 R R 键键 -CH3 -CH3 9595 -CH(CH3)2 97 -CH(CH3)2 97 -C(CH3)3

15、-C(CH3)3 99.99 99.99 CH3CH3BrHOHHHBrHOHHH(6) CCHOCH3HHCH3OHCCCH3OHHOHHCH3(7) CH3CH3NH2HOHHNH2HHH3COHH3C(8) HCH3CH3HCH3HHCH3(9) CH3CH3CH3CH3(10) ClClHHClHClH(5)1CH ClClCHH232OHBrHCH33HHHClClCl4(CH ) CHCCHHCHCH23 25HCHCHHClCl336CH SHHHClCHBr37HHClOH8HCH31CH ClClCHH232OHBrHCH33HHHClClCl4(CH ) CHCCHHCHCH23 25HCHCHHClCl336CH SHHHClCHBr37HHClOH8HCH31CH ClClCHH232OHBrHCH33HHHClClCl4(CH ) CHCCHHCHCH23 25HCHCHHClCl336CH SHHHClCHBr37HHClOH8HCH31CH ClClCHH232OHBrHCH33HHHClClCl4(CH ) CHCCHHCHCH23 25HCHCHHClCl336CH SHHHClCHBr37HHClOH8HCH31CH ClC